__________ were taken from Africa to the Americas on what is called the Middle Passage, the middle leg of a three part voyage.

In __________, the first permanent English colony was established in Jamestown, Virginia.

__________ was an early attempt at self-government in the New World.

The Mayflower Compact helped establish the idea that the __________ create government through an agreement among themselves.

The __________ was the first written constitution in North America.

Mercantilism was the policy of using colonies to bring wealth to England by having the colonies sell __________ to the ?Mother Country? and buy back finished goods.

In the 1650?s, the American colonies were forced to trade with __________ by the Navigation Acts.

The English Bill of Rights states that the power to make laws and impose taxes belonged to __________.

The First Great Awakening helped pave the way for the __________ and encouraged the ideas of liberty and equality.

The__________ left Britain with a huge debt and Parliament responded by imposing new laws and taxes on the English colonies, which angered many colonists and eventually led to the American Revolution.

__________ proposed the Albany Plan of Union in 1754, which was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies.

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the __________ as a power in North America.

Following the French and Indian War, the King of England issued the Proclamation of 1763 to keep the colonists from going west of the __________.

To help pay England?s debts for the French and Indian War the __________ required all legal and commercial documents to carry an official stamp, showing that a tax had been paid.

The Stamp Act Congress marked the first time the colonies united to discuss growing tensions between __________ and her colonies.

The Boston Massacre was when a fight broke out between colonists and British soldiers. Crispus Attucks, a former slave, and __________ other colonists were killed.

The Sons of Liberty, led by __________, disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians, boarded three tea ships docked in the Boston Harbor, and dumped 342 chests of East India Company tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the __________.

The __________ closed down the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea, banned democratic town meetings, allowed Britain to quarter (house) troops in colonists? homes, and let British officials accused of crimes in the colonies stand trial in Britain.

In September, 1774, fifty-five delegates from twelve of the colonies met in __________, Pennsylvania at the First Continental Congress, to discuss rising concerns over the Intolerable Acts and the colonists? continuing frustration over ?taxation without representation.?

The Second Continental Congress selected __________ Commander of the Continental Army and organized a committee to write the Declaration of Independence.

The American Revolution (1775-1783) was a war for independence between the American colonies and __________.

Lexington and Concord are considered the first battles of the American Revolution. American poet __________ described this event as ?the shot heard round the world.?

In January 1776, Thomas Paine published a pamphlet titled Common Sense which contained a strong attack on the idea of __________ and argued that it was only ?common sense? for the thirteen colonies to separate from Great Britain.

The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, __________.

The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga marked the turning point of the Revolutionary War because __________ and Spain pledged their aid to the United States in America?s fight for independence.

In the winter of 1777, during the American Revolution, Washington?s army set up camp at __________ and although nearly one in four of his men died during this time due to disease, starvation, and the harsh, freezing conditions, Washington used the winter to train his men with military drills so that they would be ready to fight like a professional army when fighting resumed in the spring.

The Articles of Confederation was the document drafted in 1781 which outlined a government for the newly-formed United States of America. The government created by the Articles __________ no chief executive, no judiciary, no power to tax, no power to raise an army, required unanimous agreement from all thirteen colonies in order to change the document, and left most of the power to the states.

The Battle of __________ was the last major battle of the American Revolution where Cornwallis surrendered on October 19, 1781, effectively ending the war.

The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the __________.

The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided the __________ into townships and sections for settlement.

In 1786, about 700 debt-ridden farmers led by Daniel Shays rebelled against state taxes that were difficult to pay due to the economic depression. Many Americans saw Shays? Rebellion as a sign that the Articles of Confederation was not working so leaders called for a convention to discuss __________.

The __________ of 1787 set up orderly procedures for the expansion of the United States.

In May 1787, fifty-five delegates from every state except Rhode Island met to revise the Articles of Confederation. By September, the delegates had scrapped the __________ and created a strong federal union instead of a loose confederation of states.

The __________ suggested that the legislative branch have two houses with the number of representatives for each state in both houses based on a state?s population.

The __________ suggested that the legislative branch only consist of one house, and each state would have an equal number of representatives, regardless of population.

The __________ combined the Virginia and the New Jersey Plans by creating a bicameral (two-house) Congress. In the House of Representatives, the number of members from each state would be determined by the state?s population, but in the Senate, each state would be equally represented by two senators.

The __________ settled the issue of how slaves would be counted towards a state?s representation.

The Federalist Papers were a collection of essays written explaining and defending the __________.

Anti-Federalists published essays in newspapers speaking __________ ratification of the Constitution because it had no Bill of Rights and a Bill of Rights was necessary to protect citizens? rights.

The Bill of Rights are the first __________ amendments to the Constitution and they protect some of our most important freedoms, such as religion, speech, trial by jury, and due process.

The __________ was a religious movement beginning in the 1790?s in which people felt a renewed sense of spirituality which contributed to the reform spirit in America as people looked to improve society and help others.

A strong federal government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution was supported by the __________.

The __________ believed that the federal government?s power should be limited in order to protect the powers of the states.

Many Americans saw the __________ Rebellion as a test of the government?s strength under the new Constitution.

In __________ warned Americans to stay out of foreign conflicts and remain neutral; and he warned of dangers of political parties and division they would create within country.

In the XYZ Affair, the __________ demanded a bribe from the Americans to stop the impressment of American sailors.

The Federalist Congress passed several laws called the Alien and Sedition Acts during John Adams? presidency which made it __________ for immigrants to participate in the political process.

As a result of the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and 1799, __________ and Madison wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, criticizing the Federalists and John Adams for these policies.

__________ established to power of judicial review to the Supreme Court.

In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from __________ which doubled the size of the United States.

Jefferson sent a military expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the __________.

The effect of the __________ was an economic shift from relying on British manufactured goods to an increase in American textiles and manufactured goods.

In 1815 in the last major battle of the War of 1812, the American army led by General Andrew Jackson faced the British soldiers in New Orleans. As a result of the American victory, Jackson emerged as a national military hero.

In the __________ of 1821, Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the U.S. in return for the U.S. agreeing to pay U.S. citizens? claims against Spain up to $5 million.

__________ went to the Supreme Court to answer the questions of whether the federal government had the power to create a national bank and whether a state government had the power to tax it.

The __________ allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, but also allowed Maine to enter the union as a free state, therefore keeping the balance in Congress; and also prohibited slavery in all the territory north of the 36?30? parallel with the exception of Missouri.

The __________ stated that the Western Hemisphere was closed to European countries and that no further European colonization would be permitted.

The case of Gibbons v. Ogden further __________ the power of the federal government.

The United States went from producing goods by hand in people?s homes to mass-producing goods by machines in factories as a result of the __________.

Inventions in the transportation system such as steamboats, railroads, and canals improved transportation costs and made transportation and communication __________.

When no candidate has a majority in a presidential election, the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution states that the__________ decides who will be president from the top three candidates.

In what became known as the ?Corrupt Bargain,? Clay supported John Quincy Adams in the Election of __________. John Quincy Adams became President, and Clay secured a new job as the Secretary of State for himself in the process when Adams appointed him to that position.

Jackson supported __________ government powers and hands off government during his presidency. He used the spoils system to reward political supporters with government jobs.

The Nullification Crisis of 1828-1832 was a conflict between the national government and __________ state governments over the issue of tariffs.

In order to make room for white settlers, President Andrew Jackson persuaded Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which forced Native American tribes east of the Mississippi River to __________ and move to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma.

In Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court handed the Cherokee a legal victory by ruling that Georgia had __________ over Indian land.

Manifest Destiny was the philosophy or idea that it was the destiny of the U.S. to expand its territory all the way to the __________.

__________ was a region acquired by the US that was west of the Rocky Mountains and included present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and also parts of Wyoming, Montana, and western Canada.

To escape persecution, the __________ travelled across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.

Texas became the 28th state on December 29, 1845 when President __________ was convinced to accept Congress' joint resolution annexing Texas.

The United States defeated Mexico and signed the Treaty of __________ in 1848, thus ending the Mexican American War and gaining a vast amount of land and expanding the United States to the Pacific coast.

In 1849, news of the gold discovery spread quickly, and thousands of Americans, along with people from all over the world, rushed to __________.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention for __________ in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 to draw attention to the problems women faced.

Horace Mann pushed for __________ and encouraged legislators to provide more money in order to make __________.

The __________ movement was a campaign to stop alcohol abuse by banning alcohol.

__________ began to organize in the 1800?s to push for better working conditions, shorter hours, higher wages, and an end to child labor.

Many new inventions contributed to the __________ of the 19th century, including interchangeable parts, the cotton gin, the telegraph, the transcontinental railroad, and the steamboat.

Many artists and authors have contributed to the __________ identity of the US and documented important events in American history.

Abolitionists were individuals who wanted to ban __________ in the United States.

__________ was a social reformer in the 1840?s who focused her efforts on the mentally ill and criminals.

__________ were noted for supporting social reform movements, seeking to preserve nature, and encouraging people to look for ways to improve society, rather than being driven by material wealth.

In one of his most-famous essays, Civil Disobedience (1849), __________ describes his decision no longer to pay taxes as a form of protest against the Mexican War and the institution of slavery. Thoreau was thrown in jail as a consequence.

The __________ attempted to settle conflict in Congress over the issue of slavery in the western territories.

__________ published Uncle Tom?s Cabin in 1852 in which she described the horrors of slavery.

After the __________ and the Mexican Cession, the U.S. Government, purchased a portion of Mexican land for $10 million in what is part of present-day Arizona and New Mexico in a treaty known as the Gadsden Purchase.

The __________ divided the land west of Missouri into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska. It allowed the residents of the two territories to decide the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty (voting by the people).

__________ was a slave who sued for his freedom after his owner took him into a territory where slavery was forbidden by the Missouri Compromise of 1820..

__________ was a radical abolitionist who resorted to violence in his attempts to defeat slavery.

In the election of 1860, Lincoln won a majority of the __________ vote, and thus became President even though he won only about 40 percent of the __________ vote.

After the Southern states seceded from the Union, they formed the Confederate States of America and elected __________ as President.

In Davis? First Inaugural Address, he argued that separation from the Union was a __________.

In Lincoln?s First Inaugural Address, he discussed the looming Civil War and the secession of some Southern states. He called for __________ and emphasized his commitment to that goal.

The Civil War was between the __________ (Union) and the __________ (Confederate States of America).

The war began on April 12, 1861, with the Confederates firing on __________. It ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War on __________.

The Battle of __________ was one of the bloodiest single day battles in American history.

The Battle of __________ lasted for three days and ended in a Union victory. Some historians estimate as many as 50,000 were killed or wounded.

President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, to dedicate a __________ in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

At the Battle of Vicksburg, Union forces seized control of the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi, thus effectively gaining control of the __________ River.

Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 which declared __________ to be free.

Lincoln called for healing and peace in his Second Inaugural Address, saying, ?With malice toward none; with charity for __________? let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds??

On April 9, 1865, five years after the Civil War began, General __________, commander of the Confederate troops, surrendered to General __________, commander of the Union troops, at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.

On April 14, 1865, __________, an actor and Southern sympathizer, shot President Lincoln in the head at Ford?s Theater.

__________ refers to the period from 1865-1877 after the Civil War when the nation?s attention was focused on rebuilding the South and re-admitting the southern states into the Union.

During Reconstruction, three amendments were added to the U.S. __________. The 13th freed the slaves, the 14th made them citizens, and the 15th gave black men the right to vote.

Mexico and the United States went to war in the 1840s over the border between Texas and Mexico.

As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton wanted to place an tariff on __________ items in order to raise money for the U.S. government.

During his presidency, Andrew Jackson vetoed the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States and had the federal governments money __________ the bank to force the bank to close.