A 19th-century political trend in the United States that expanded voting rights to most white men over the age of 21, and reformed a number of federal institutions, giving more political power than ever before.

A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824.

A term used by Andrew Jackson's opponents for his use of informal advisers to the president. The group was made up of cabinet members and Democratic Party members.

A political approach that attempts to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

The practice of rewarding people with government jobs on the basis of their political support.

South Carolina Senator who supported states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

He served as the 8th president and previously served as Secretary of State and vice president. A member of the Democratic Party. Laws passed during the previous administration led to the Panic of 1837, causing many to blame him. He continued the policy of Indian Removal, and opposed capturing Texas as a way to prevent the spread of slavery and avoid a war with Mexico.

He served as 7th US President from 1829 to 1837. He was a general during the War of 1812, defeating the British at New Orleans. As president of the "Common Man," he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. He also supported the Indian Removal Act and led to the Panic of 1837.

9th President of the United States and member of The Whig Party. He was the last president born under British colonial rule and the first president to die in office. He became well-known for his use of military force during the Indian Campaigns while territorial governor of Indiana.

The controversial tax designed aimed to protect American industry from cheaper British goods. Although it was popular in the North, some southern states threatened to cancel and ignore the tax.

A set of beliefs based on the 10th Amendment and made popular by John C. Calhoun. Southern lawmakers argued that since the states had formed the national government, state power should be greater than federal power.

John C. Calhoun and his supporters believed that the states could reject any federal law they felt was unfair leading to this showdown between the federal government and South Carolina over the cancelling of federal tariffs.

A financial crisis caused by Jackson's economic policies including cancelling the 2nd Bank of America and withdrawing federal funds from state banks and putting them in privately owned "pet banks." Banks printed paper currency as a result, driving up inflation. Specie Circular Act only let the government accept gold or silver in payment for federal land. 10% of the workforce was unemployed during the crisis.

Supreme Court case that stated that the national bank was fair and constitutional.

Henry Clay led this political group that opposed Andrew Jackson and favored a weak president and a strong Congress.