the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain

the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

a grass that yields grain for food

agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

a form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products

degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also know as semiarid land degradation

the amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (calories in the United States)

harvesting twice a year from the same field

the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the water

physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life

a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology

seed of a cereal grass

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

a form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans

a farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year's harvest left untouched on the fields

capturing fish faster than they can reproduce

the Malay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field

a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domestic animals

a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

the most productive farmland

a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area

a system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation

a flooded field for growing rice

a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period

another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris

agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning "barter" or "exchange of commodities"

dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity

rice planted on dry land in a nursery then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers

The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid.

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

An energy resource formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.

The anticipated increase in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface.

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

an industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid.

Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area.

A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface.

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.

Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, or land.

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.

The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material.

The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts.

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people.

A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

a city that is the largest settlement in a country and has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century

a service that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

an increase in the percentage of and the number of people living in urban settlements

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19

A member-owned, member-governed business that operates for the benefit of its members according to common principles agreed upon by the international cooperative community.

a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of of development

a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development

A process of improvement in the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

An alternate international trade that provides greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers, focusing primarily products exported from developing countries to developed countries

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home

Investment made by foreign company in the economy of another country

An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the gender gap the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not including money that leaves and enters the country

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the level of development for each country through a combination of income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

A modification of the HDI to account for inequality

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries

8 goals adopted by the U.N. in 2002 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2015

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth, generally through agriculture

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials

Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade

Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030.

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment

the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy