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WorksheetsPhilosophy&CT Unit 7 MC Practice
Total questions: 72
Worksheet time: 36mins
What system is in place if each person gets exactly the same thing?
equity
justice
fairness
equality
What system is in place if each person gets exactly what they need to be equal?
equity
fairness
equality
justice
What system is in place if the underlying problem is solved?
fairness
justice
equity
equality
An apple tree that tilts to the left and where a majority of apples are the left side is being harvested by two individuals. If each individual gets a ladder of the same height, what system is in place?
equity
justice
equality
fairness
An apple tree that tilts to the left and where a majority of apples are the left side is being harvested by two individuals. If the individual on the right gets a longer ladder than the individual on the left, what system is in place?
equity
equality
justice
fairness
An apple tree that tilts to the left and where a majority of apples are the left side is being harvested by two individuals. If we develop a system for improving the apple production of the tree and use supports to help the tree be more centered, what system is in place?
equality
justice
equity
fairness
Those with wealth and those without wealth will always compete is a component of Marx’s
ideology theory.
unifying theory.
conflict theory.
just theory.
What, according to Marx, defines who we are?
material wealth
alienation
culture
job title
Marx argued that history is the result of what?
material conditions
cultural ideas
wars
capitalism
Max Weber differed from Karl Marx how?
He believed people were capable of change.
He posed questions about society.
He viewed change as occurring from multiple factors.
He thought people were hard workers.
Why does Weber think that capitalism has been so successful?
We have a natural tendency to work hard as humans.
Capitalism is a more just system.
Other ideologies are not capable of the same output.
There is a Protestant work ethic within capitalism’s peoples.
According to Weber, industry, rationality, and society can trap us in what?
disbelief
an iron cage
alienation
prison
Where on the political compass is communism located?
left
right
top
bottom
The Communist Manifesto is more a description of what?
communism in practice
liberal beliefs
communism in theory
capitalist ideology
Who owns the means of production in capitalism according to Marx and communist theory?
the proletariat
the men
the workers
the bourgeoisie
Which group works without owning capital according to Marx and communist theory?
the proletariat
the men
the bourgeoisie
the factory workers
Theories of minimal states are located where on the political compass?
top
bottom
left
right
Which philosopher laid out a theory for minimal states?
John Rawls
Robert Nozick
Karl Marx
Max Weber
According to Nozick, a state focused on justice should be organized how?
More as a corporation or business.
To ensure the poorest have all their needs met.
Like a bureaucracy with many layers.
Without any rules or laws.
Sterba’s reply to Nozick on libertarianism is what?
Without rules, libertarianism falls apart.
Agreement on all his points.
Libertarian justice requires a strong welfare state.
Beliefs don’t trump facts.
Where do humanists place the emphasis on justice?
On the value and agency of human beings.
In the belief that justice is fairness.
Within a system of equality.
Between a balance of equality and equity.
Which of the following most clearly shows an example of intersectionality?
Tina examines the unique challenges faced by queer, disabled Latinas.
Mark looks at the effect of being poor on personal health.
Maria researches how best to help the LGBT community.
Kai surveys people on the street to find people’s opinions on helping the homeless.
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding privilege and oppression in intersectional theory?
To discover where you are, add up your privileges and subtract your oppressions.
Oppression harm twice as much as privileges help.
Privileges and oppressions are not absolute and while a majority may hold true in society as a whole, each operates uniquely within different communities.
Privileges are always beneficial and oppressions are always harmful.
If rule is enforced through ideology as a normative and dominant philosophy, what would those ideas called?
reinforced ideas
strong ideas
normative ideas
hegemonic ideas
Viewing feminism primarily through a white woman lens is an example of what?
racism
hegemonic femininity
sexism
dominant theory
Which of the following would be something we might tolerate in our society (remembering the definition for tolerance)?
Refusing to hire LGBT people.
Banning people who commit blasphemy from being a member of the religion.
Teaching unscientific beliefs in school.
Making unscientific beliefs the basis for policy.
Which best summarizes the Paradox of Tolerance?
Intolerance towards hateful and violent ideologies just makes them grow.
It is better to ignore hateful and violent ideologies until they go away.
Tolerating intolerant beliefs will lead to the intolerant beliefs extinguishing tolerance.
Too much tolerance creates an unjust society.
If government creates limits with tolerance (top-down), what would we call that?
censorship
suppression
accountability
freedom
When powerful individuals or groups successfully silences speech, what would we call that?
censorship
suppression
accountability
freedom
When the people and government and/or powerful individuals or groups work together to manage toleration, what would we call that?
censorship
suppression
accountability
freedom
What type of justice is there when the content and result of the laws are just?
structural justice
fair justice
substantive justice
procedural justice
What type of justice is there when the process to resolve dispute and allocate resources is fair?
fair justice
procedural justice
substantive justice
structural justice
Liberalism is a defense primarily of what?
a moderate welfare state
minimal state ideologies
socialist or communist ideals
massive resource reallocation
Which statement adequately summarizes Rawls’ original position?
The original position, though not something we can return to, is where freedom and just most lies.
When we stand behind a veil of ignorance, we would pick policies and laws rationally and fairly.
The original position is a dangerous and dark place.
When we are in the original position, we should think about who we want to be when we leave it.
What do we NOT know behind the veil of ignorance?
Every category we belong to and all extraneous factors.
What laws we will be choosing.
What society we will be returning to.
What policies we are enacting.
Which of the following distributions would best be in accordance with the Difference Principle?
Unskilled worker: $2000; Skilled worker: $2000; CEO: $2000
Unskilled worker: $1800; Skilled worker: $3500; CEO: $250,000
Unskilled worker: $2250; Skilled worker: $3000; CEO: $25,000
Unskilled worker: $7000; Skilled worker: $3000; CEO: $1000
Who is most likely to be upset when an open society with good access to education and jobs generate extreme differences in income among its members?
People who view justice in terms of process.
People who view justice in terms of outcomes.
People who view justice as indefinable.
People who view justice as the presence of freedom.
What is the point of imagining the choices you would make behind a veil of ignorance?
People tend to make poor choices when they do not have enough information.
People tend to make good choices because ignorance is easily swept away through education.
People tend to make fair choices when they know the most about their personal situations and opportunities.
People tend to make fair choices when they know so little that they do not seek their own self-interest.
Identify the term: giving each person what he or she is due.
equality
justice
equity
fairness
Identify the term: an allocation of the exact same resources and opportunities for each individual as a just outcome.
equality
equity
justice
fairness
Identify the term: an allocation of the exact resources and opportunities needed for individuals to reach just outcomes.
justice
fairness
equity
equality
Identify the term: (1818-1883) Germany social philosopher who saw the economy as the base of society and developed an historical theory that society changes through conflict.
Karl Popper
Karl Marx
John Rawls
Max Weber
Identify the term: the theory that ideas and social institutions develop over a material economic base.
idealism
conflict theory
capitalism
historical materialism
Identify the term: (1864-1920) German sociologist who viewed culture as the base of society and saw individuals as members with both class and status.
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Karl Popper
John Rawls
Identify the term: the theory that human ideas, especially beliefs and values, shape society.
idealism
historical materialism
rationalism
cultural materialism
Identify the term: a left-wing principle of economic justice where needs within groups hold priority over individual freedoms.
communism
liberalism
collectivism
individualism
Identify the term: a system where all property is publicly owned and each person works according to their abilities and has their needs met.
collectivism
communism
liberalism
individualism
Identify the term: the class that owns the means for producing wealth.
proletariat
bourgeoisie
laborers
lower class
Identify the term: the class that labors without owning the means of production.
proletariat
middle class
upper class
factory owners
Identify the term: a right-wing principle of economic justice where individual freedoms hold priority over needs within groups.
minimalism
libertarianism
individualism
collectivism
Identify the term: (1938-2002) American philosopher who argued that a minimal state that restricts its activities to the protection of the rights of life, liberty, property, and contract is best for promoting justice.
John Rawls
Max Weber
Karl Marx
Robert Nozick
Identify the term: a government that restricts itself to protecting basic rights to promote economic freedom as justice.
communism
minimal state
individualism
collectivism
Identify the term: the philosophy that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity.
humanism
feminism
idealism
communism
Identify the term: the interdependent and overlapping systems of discrimination or disadvantage of social categorizations as they apply to. given individual or group.
tolerance
intersectionality
interlocking systems of oppression
humanism
Identify the term: how differences among people serve as oppressive measures towards people and change the experience of living in society.
interlocking systems of oppression
intersectionality
feminism
humanism
Identify the term: a movement to end sexism, sexual exploitation, and oppression.
intersectionality
humanism
hegemony
feminism
Identify the term: dominance of one group over another, often supported by legitimating norms and ideas.
feminism
intersectionality
hegemony
interlocking systems of oppression
Identify the term: respecting people’s rights to have non-interfering characteristics, opinions, or practices that differ from your own even if you disagree and reject their beliefs.
fairness
tolerance
intolerance
intersectionality
Identify the term: the idea that if a society is tolerant without limit, its ability to be tolerant is eventually seized or destroyed by the intolerant.
Paradox of Tolerance
Difference Principle
conflict theory
historical materialism
Identify the term: (1902-1994) Austrian-British philosopher of politics and science who advocated open societies but warned against unlimited tolerance.
Karl Marx
Karl Popper
John Rawls
Robert Nozick
Identify the term: a belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity through rational measures.
collectivism
liberalism
individualism
communism
Identify the term: (1921-2002) American philosopher who envisioned a theory of justice as fairness through a thought experience on the “original position”.
Robert Nozick
Karl Marx
Max Weber
John Rawls
Identify the term: a thought experiment behind which the rules for society are proposed if we did not know extraneous factors (sex, gender, race, etc.) that could affect the decision.
Difference Principle
original position
veil of ignorance
state of nature
Identify the term: inequalities in the distribution of goods are permissible only if they benefit the least well-off positions of society.
veil of ignorance
injustice
justice
Difference Principle
Feminine ways of thinking about moral decisions are based on an "ethics of care" rather than impersonal, abstract principles. That is, feminist viewpoints think of ethical situations
as opportunities to deny that there is any right or wrong way to act and to show how the very act of making ethical distinctions is itself a form of male domination.
not as questions with true or false answers, but as conflicts that need to be resolved in order to maintain stable interpersonal relationships.
as opportunities to replace so-called universal abstract principles of ethical judgment with more specific abstract principles (e.g., principles that apply only to one's culture).
not as gender (masculine-feminine) conflicts, but as problems that can be solved by calculating the foreseen consequences for those affected by actions.
According to the feminist viewpoint, emotional involvement and sensitivity to the differing needs of other people in different situations are necessary elements in making objective moral judgments because
morality is based on nothing more than how each individual feels about things.
sensitivity and caring are subjective expressions of rational, objective, unemotional ways of thinking.
particular needs and situations seem to differ, but they are similar enough for general moral judgments.
without sympathetic, emotional involvement, we cannot understand exactly what action occurs or why it is done.
For Marx, capitalism alienates people both from the products of their labor and from themselves and others by
permitting only the law, art, and philosophy to identify ways in which alienation can be overcome.
describing the ruling class (the bourgeoisie) as naturally sociable, when in fact it is not.
encouraging people to produce things that are useful to themselves and others.
forcing people to compete with others by having to sell the products of their labor to survive.
Marx says that we should distribute goods, services, and obligations throughout society based on the rule "each according to his abilities, and each according to his needs." In other words,
since needs and obligations are the same for everyone, everyone should receive equal treatment.
since needs and obligations vary from person to person, no social policy is ever just.
justice requires that each person feel obliged to do what he/she can for the community and to make demands on others only when necessary.
though the needs of a person are often greater than his/her abilities, it is still up to the individual to take care of those needs without making demands on others.
Nozick argues that the State is justified in taking private property only if the property is not acquired fairly through trade, labor, gifts, inheritance, etc. A critic of this view might disagree because
only the State can own property, since ownership requires the ability to protect property and enforce laws.
property cannot be acquired (through trade, labor, etc.) fairly unless everyone agrees to a social contract.
if the State takes someone's "private" property, then the State's action is by definition an unfair acquisition.
if we look far enough back we discover that all property is unfairly acquired, either by force, fraud, or the sheer luck of having been born with certain skills or relatives.
According to Nozick, the government's collection of taxes from citizens is justified only if those taxes are used
to prevent harm and protect property rights.
to promote foreign trade and private business.
to improve the social conditions of others.
to support education, roads, and farm subsidies.
In Rawls' liberal social contract theory, everyone has equal rights to pursue his or her own ends (as long as the rights of others are not infringed). But in a just society, he says, there can still be inequalities, if
the existence of inequalities in income and prestige benefits everyone and everyone has access to them.
each person's "original position" in the social framework is chosen from behind the "veil of ignorance."
everyone in the society has the same income, social prestige, and respect.
only legitimate governmental agencies are allowed to redistribute wealth and privileges according to agreed-upon criteria (e.g., race, gender, income).
According to Rawls, all members of a society have a legitimate claim to a share of the wealth of a society. When individuals are systematically disenfranchised from their fair share (and thus not given the opportunity to compete equally for a portion of that wealth), it is the responsibility of government to
protect the private property of those who have worked for what they own or who have inherited property legally.
make sure that no one is allowed to have any larger portion of that wealth than anyone else.
redistribute resources based on the natural abilities of citizens, not their needs.
correct those inequities by redistributing just enough resources from the wealthy to the poor to allow them to compete equally.
