countries with low levels of industrialization, urbanization and low standards of living that are mainly focused on primary activities, predominantly agriculture

measurement of the relative access to education of males and femalese.g. ratio of females to males enrolled in a given stage of education (primary, secondary)

percent of population who can read and write

designated area that has economic laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical national laws e.g. Shenzhen, China

treaty between two or more countries to establish a free trade zone where goods andservices can be conducted across common borders, without tariffs but labor or capital may not move freely

theory that proposes that countries which may be free from political colonial control, continue to remain economically dependent on rich, industrialized countries

theory that assumes all countries are capable of development along the same trajectory which encompasses five stages of linear development towards self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption

theory that maintains that less developed countries are kept in a position of dependency due to the existing economic and political power structures sustained by more developed countries; the concentration of wealth in more developed countries makes it difficult for less developed countries to compete and improve their situation

low interest loans usually for smaller sums of money to provide extremely poor people the opportunity to open a small local business and is often targeted to women in less developed countries to lift them out of poverty and is helping to improve standards of living

refers to the movement of people to towns/cities and the resulting expansion of the rural countryside

unrestricted suburban growth and development over large areas spreading out from a city in which cars provide primary source of transportation

explains the distribution, size, location, and interaction of settlements in an urban system

settlements provide a set of goods and services to their hinterland, which is the surrounding market area

larger settlements are fewer and farther apart and serve a large market area, providing low order goods as well as high-order goods

smaller centers serve smaller market areas generally providing low order goods

low-order goods: products that are replenished frequently such as

food and other routine household items

high-order goods: specialized items such as cars, furniture,

fine jewelry, and household appliances that are bought less often

threshold: the minimum number of people needed for a

business to prosper

range: the maximum distance people will travel to purchase

goods and services

discrimination in the purchase or rental of housing on the basis of race, gender, ethnicity, age, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, or veteran status

contributing factors include lack of job availability, less access to quality schools, and real or perceived lack of opportunity

system regulating the rights to ownership and control and usage of land

the restoration of deteriorated urban areas by wealthier (mostly middle-income) people who move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses

the idea that a city can meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs in terms of economic, environmental and social impact

classifying land and identifying the types of activities that are permittede.g. residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural

an area of natural land on which building is restricted and whose main purpose is to curb the outward expansion of a large urban area e.g. London

North Central U.S.A., Southern Canada, Eastern Europe.

Labor intensive agricultural system that exploits cheap labor in former colonies.

Farmers in tropics control a large area and clear only part of it at at time to farm.

Started in Great Britain in the 18th Century - Connected to the Industrial Revolution.

Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Any kind of agriculture activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield. Think Organic. Dairy Farming. Very Labor focused.

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

The farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants

Short Distances - Landmarks

California, Chile, Mediterranean Sea area

A group of people with a shared similar culture, a historical attachment to an area or homeland, and/or have some degree of political control over that homeland.

National group's homeland has a state of its own and also spreads across its borders into other countries. (Examples: Germans, Koreans, ad Hungarians)

The right of a state to rule over itself. (Example: South Sudan)

Larger idea of creating an empire by exerting force to control other nations often from afar. (Example: Berlin Conference 1884-1885)

Areas where larger regional or global political or cultural divisions collide and cause conflict at a local scale. (Example: Religious conflicts - Israel)

Boundaries that are drawn by outside powers and tend to ignore existing boundaries of social, cultural or ethnic differences. (Example: Africa after Berlin Conference 1885)

Established by a legal document.

Conflicts between states or regions over the ownership of a given area.

Local geographic area of a larger country in which you vote for representatives to congress. Determined by redistricting after each census.

Decentralized government structure. Power is shared between a national assembly inside a national capital city and local assemblies inside local capital cities.

When several countries form an organization to achieve common goals and benefits for all the countries. These organizations are often political, military, economic, or environmental. Examples: The United Nationals, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, The European Union.

Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to a group's advantage

The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape

Outlying region of economic activity

The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and life.

It means "submission to the will of God". Monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad. The second most practiced religion in the world. Diffusing rapidly. Old Testament religion. Islamic followers claim Jerusalem as holy city.

A journey or search of moral or spiritual significance. Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith, although sometimes it can be a metaphorical journey into someone's own beliefs. Associated with the hajj, crusades, missions and visits to holy Hindi and Buddhist places.

Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. All of these have different branches.

chortas, stupas, prayer flags, Padme stones, statues

Places where religions originate. Most major religions have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India too. Religious hearths are often cultural hearths.

Certain public or private spaces are often reserved for one gender or another, depending on the culture.

Climate, Landforms, Water Bodies. These factors influence where people choose to live.

the number of farmers per unit of area of farmland. May mean a country has inefficient agriculture.

a sudden increase or burst in the population in either a certain geographical area or worldwide. Occurred in the late 18th and early 19th centuries because several countries moved on to stage 2 of the DTM. Can trace factors that lead to these explosions.

Population of various age categories in an age-sex population pyramids. This is important because this can tell what stage of development a country is in: e.g. whether in Stage 3 or Stage 5 in the demographic transition model.

Has 5 steps. Stage 1 is low growth, Stage 2 is High Growth, Stage 3 is Moderate Growth, and Stage 4 is Low Growth and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population group

The percentage by which a population grows in a year.

movement from one region to another

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Permanent movement from one region of the country to another.

Was one of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.

Policies that encourage human reproduction and population growth.

Predicts the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people travel to access it.

A transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries.

When migrants seek political savety in another country.

In some cases migrants with higher levels of training or education, like doctors, scientist, and computer programmers, may migrate internally in order to make more money in a different country.

The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant.

Uniform/ homogeneous region is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. The shared feature could be a cultural value such as a common language, or an environmental climate.

These regions are defined differently by each person based on their own ideas or perceptions. Therefor, they have "fuzzy" boundaries where people's perceptions differ based on education or experiences.

items produced in nature that can be used by humans ( can be renewable or non-renewable).

Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

The farther away one place is from another the less interaction those two place will have with one another.

The reduction of time it takes for something (like a person, and idea, or a product) to get from one place to another.

Collection of computer hardware and software permitting spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, used, and displayed.

Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places.

economic activity that involves extracting (raw materials) or harvesting (food) productse.g. gathering industries (renewable resources): agriculture, forestry, hunting and gathering, fishing, grazinge.g. extractive industries (nonrenewable resources): mining, quarrying

economic activity that provides services e.g. health, legal, education, restaurants, stores

acknowledges that gender affects an individual's lived experiences; gender inequality is experienced across different cultures; tradition and culture pose obstacles to women's economic development, especially in less developed countries

low interest loans usually for smaller sums of money to provide extremely poor people the opportunity to open a small local business and is often targeted to women in less developed countries to lift them out of poverty and is helping to improve standards of living

countries with low levels of industrialization, urbanization and low standards of living that are mainly focused on primary activities, predominantly agriculture

less developed countries with growing industrial economies and a developing trade status in the global market place (BRICs: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49)

a concentration of residential and economic (business, shopping, entertainment) activity located in the suburbs

city that functions as a service center of the world economy driving globalization at the top of the urban hierarchy (hamlet, village, town, city, world city)e.g. New York City, London, Tokyo, Paris

the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy

if the largest city in a country contained 1 million citizens then the:

2nd largest city would contain 500,00 (1 million/2)

3rd largest city would contain 333,333 (1 million/3)

4th largest city would contain 250,000 (1 million/4)

a country's largest city, at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant (usually the capital city) and represents national culture e.g. Paris, France and London, England

a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominately white neighborhoods

land development that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional and/or industrial uses

smart growth policies that concentrate growth in walkable urban centers to decrease sprawl

A state where the borders of a national group's homeland coincides with the borders of the state. (Examples: Japan, Iceland)

National group is spread out over several different states. (Examples: Kurds, Palestinians)

Breaking up of a state into smaller units or the passing of power from central to lower governments. (Examples: Spain - Catalonia, Basque; Yugoslavia into Balkans States)

Areas where the physical geography creates a narrow opening, like a strait, that makes it difficult for trade or other travel between two points. (Examples: Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Gibraltar, Strait of Bosporus, Strait of Malacca).

The majority party in power of the state legislature redraws the districts to give them a partisan advantage.

Movement by a nation to unite other parts of its nation that are spread over other borders. Example: China/Taiwan, Russia/Ukraine.

Regulates maritime boundaries and resources.

Purpose of crops is to provide food for family/community.

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. Mainly found in Developed countries.