Clustered

linear

dispersed

metes and bounds

monocropping

The township-and-range survey system was more varied in plot size, while the size of plots in the long-lot system was set at 50 acres.

The township-and-range survey system was based on physical features, while the long-lot system was based on a geometric grid pattern

The long-lot survey system created a more uniform division of land, while the township-and- range survey system conformed to physical features on the landscape

The long-lot survey system created less efficient irrigation systems, while the township-and- range system created a grid system for efficient water flow

The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.

East Asia

South Asia

Southeast Asia

Central America

Sub Saharan Africa

food processing

mechanized farming

mixed crop and livestock farming

agribusiness

commercial farming

Concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the midwestern US

Rural-to-urban migration increasing the population density to eastern China

Linear settlements located along a major road in a densely forested area of Brazil

Dispersed settlement throughout a large mountainous area of Switzerland

Location of Bodegas in the Bronx

Beef cattle are raised close to the market because meat spoils quickly

Grain is grown close to the market because it is bulky to transport

Firewood is harvested far from the market because the best agricultural land is closer to the market

Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain

Beef cattle are raised close to the market because land is cheapest closer to the market.

Compared to fresh produce, these packaged agricultural goods significantly increase the gross national income that is sourced from industrial production and bring financial wealth to farmers

Compared to plain milk or fresh fruit, these value-added agricultural goods significantly increase the price of the farm products sold and increase earnings for farmers.

Compared to factory-made dairy products and condiments, these preservative-free goods have a decreased shelf life, which increases the prices of the goods sold.

Compared to name-brand goods, farm-made agricultural goods are much lower in cost and provide significant value to consumers

Compared to organic foods sold at specialty grocery stores, these goods are sold as natural foods and considered to be of equal value to consumers

The cost-to-distance ratio of the land-rent curve indicates that the highest-cost land is in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model.

The cost-of-labor inputs are related to a crop's distance from the market, as more labor-intensive farming is done in large-scale plots far from the market town.

Highly perishable agricultural goods are produced in small-scale plots far from the market town, so that they can be more quickly traded with other communities.

Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.

Labor-intensive planting and harvests of wheat and corn are done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while less labor-intensive pasturing of sheep or beef cattle takes place in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model.

commercial crop based agriculture

commercial mixed crop/livestock agriculture

pastoral nomadism

aquaculture

substance agriculture