The United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad.

Winston Churchill gives his "The Sinews of Peace" speech (1946) states the US and Britain need to act s as guardians of peace and stability against USSR communism which had lowered an____ across Europe. This was a political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies (satellite nations) as a buffer from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.

The____ (1947) declared immediate economic and military aid to support countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection such as Greece and Turkey. This would be taken by Communists as an open declaration of the Cold War. Furthermore, the_____ (1948) (also called the European Recovery Program) was a US program that would later give foreign aid to Western Europe to rebuild after WWII and with a stated goal of halting the spread of communism on the European continent.

There were multiple occupation issues when US, Britain, France, and USSR divided Germany into four zones, and later split into East and West Germany. The USSR tried to rectify the escape and "Brain Drain" of East Germans fleeing to the West through Berlin due to harsh political and economic conditions with the____. This was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of travel and cut off supply routes for the United States, Great Britain and France to Berlin, which lay within Russian-occupied East Germany. The US responded with the_____, a military operation that sent aircrafts over West Berlin to give food and other needed goods into West Berlin.

_____ was a military alliance of European and North American democratic states/nations while the_____ was a military alliance of communist nations in Eastern Europe.

All of these are part of Truman's Fair Deal except:

Truman, a Democratic Southerner, began promoting more civil rights with ____, ending segregation in the military after WWII. As a result, some members of the Democratic party defected, known as_____, who held a separate convention to run for a new president under the "States' Right" ticket--- leading to the erosion of southern influence in the Democratic Party since the Civil War.

The Korean War (1950-1953) was fought due to the idea of _____, or if one state in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow. After three years of a stalemate between UN forces (lead by US General Douglas MacArthur) and North Korea (with support of the USSR and new Communist leader Mao Ze Dong), they agreed to an armistice along the Demilitarized zone (DMZ) near the same ____ where the war initially started. While MacArthur was fired by Truman for publicly criticizing his less aggressive approach (such as choosing not to drop an atomic bomb on communist China in order to avoid WWIII), the US would contain communism in Korea.

The_____ created near hysteria in the late 40's and 50's with the perceived threat and word of communists in America. Infamously, Senator Joseph McCarthy led hearings/trials in the House of Un American Activities Committee (HUAC) accusing people of belonging to the Communist Party. The widespread fear and accusations of subversion or treason of people being communist was called _____.

The___was a group of actors, script writers and directors who appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in October 1947, but refused to answer questions regarding their possible communist affiliations. As a result, they became blacklisted (denied unemployment in the entertainment industry) for allegedly being Communist or sympathizers of communism. On the other hand, Alger Hiss was an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s and was convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. Yet, only the______ were tried, convicted and executed in 1953 related to espionage and treason.

Due to his popularity as a war hero of WWII ("Everybody Likes Ike"), Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961) becomes the next president (Richard Nixon becomes VP) after Truman. After Stalin dies in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev takes power in the Soviet Union and continues to face off with the US in the Cold War. Which one of these is NOT true about Eisenhower during his presidency?

_____ was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War adversaries, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve superior spaceflight capability like the USSR putting Sputnik (1957), the first satellite in space. It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear ______ between the two nations.

___ was a foreign policy used in the Cold War of pushing a dangerous situation or confrontation to the limit of safety especially to force a desired outcome (Ex. Korean War; Cuban Missile Crisis, etc.). The concept of____ was therefore the principle of deterrence founded on the notion that a nuclear attack by one superpower would be met with an overwhelming nuclear counterattack such as both the attacker and the defender would be annihilated.

Which of these is NOT true about the 1950s culture in America/Post War economy on the Homefront?

The suburbs brought an introduction of the middle class, with people buying new homes outside the city with a focus on family. The first one was called Levittown. This was in part due to _____ where many white residents picked up and left after their neighborhoods became more racially and ethnically diverse with more minorities settling in cities where they had been previously excluded beforehand. This left more minorities in the intercity.

Pop Culture was also important during the 1950s. Which of these is true?

A person who participated in the literary and social movement of the 1950s and early 1960s which stressed artistic self-expression, spiritual quest and the rejection of the mores of conventional society.

Which of these is NOT true about events that fueled the Civil Rights Movement?

The _______ (1954) desegregated schools and said that "Separate is unequal"--- paving the way for integration (with resistance) in other parts of society like the South. Earl Warren and Thurgood Marshall (lawyer who becomes first African American S.C. justice) were very support of Civil Rights and helped increased membership of the NACCP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

The_____ is an example of a non-violent demonstration in support of the Civil Rights Movement that led to African American men, women and children being met with violent attacks by high pressure fire hoses and police dogs--- eventually leading to these images receiving the attention of John F. Kennedy and the federal government?

John F. Kennedy won the presidency over Nixon in part because although Nixon had more political experience and worked hard on the campaign trail, JFK prepared better in their ______ debates, where he practiced his speeches looking into the camera, willing to wear makeup, etc. In addition to his appeal to youth and African Americans, the role of media was key a strategy that helped JFK receive more votes and win the presidency from 1961-1963.

Which of these is NOT true about JFK and his New Frontier Plan during his presidency?

After executing the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion to remove _____ from power in Cuba (first communist nation in the Western Hemisphere), JFK apologizes on TV and criticized by Khrushchev for being weak in a joint summit. Two months later the _____ is also constructed (1961). Note: JFK will later give famous "I am A Berliner" speech, one of the most famous anti-communist speeches of the Cold War in 1963.

The failure of Bay of Pigs Invasion leads to the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), where EXCOMM (president advisers) have 13 days of negotiation to decide how to address the oncoming of nuclear weapons in Cuba via support an alliance with the Soviet Union. Which one of these is NOT true?

JFK is assassinated in 1963 and Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president. He begins to pick up where JFK left off with civil rights legislation. What was a key event that led to LBJ passing the Civil Rights Bill in 1964--- which outlawed discrimination, promoted equality and access in society, and enforced desegregation of schools.

The Selma to Montgomery March (1965) to ensure that African Americans could exercise their constitutional right to vote — even in the face of a segregationist system that wanted to make it impossible. This led to the passing of the_______, outlawing discriminatory practices against voting, especially in Southern states (literacy tests, etc.)

____ disagreed with MLK ideas of peaceful protests and believed African Americans should fight for and demand equality now. He becomes face of Black Panther party which although helped African American communities (Ex. providing free breakfast for children), they were also on the FBI watchlist for more extremist/violent actions.

Which is NOT an example of the Civil Rights Movement expanding to other minority groups?

____ also known as the Hart-Celler Act, abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States.

Betty Friedan writes the Feminine Mystique in support of women rights politically and economic equality. While JFK helped pass the Equal Pay Act (1963) to aim at abolishing wage disparity based on sex (as part of his New Frontier program), Gloria Steinmen (NOW) and Friedan are now going to fight to get the Equal Rights Amendment to guarantee legal gender equality for men and women. However, _______ is going to be an advocate for women moving back to traditional roles at the same time.

LBJ's Great Society had a plan to address the War on Poverty at home in America which included all of the following except_____. However, with LBJ trying to promote the Great Society and fight the Vietnam War simultaneously, he couldn't provide enough money and resources for both overtime to see the success of his plans. This led to to LBJ receiving public criticism and increased anti-war demonstrations on the homefront.

Truman, Eisenhower and JFK all had various responses to contain communism in Vietnam. After the firing of the USS Maddox in the_____, General Westmoreland is going to advise LBJ send more troops into Vietnam. On August 7, the U.S. Congress approves the _____, granting President Johnson authority to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam.

Which of these is NOT true about the Vietnam War?

What anti-war group/event led to several innocent students being fired upon and shot after a peaceful anti-war protest demonstration?

By 1968, events like the Tet Offensive, the assassinations of Bobby Kennedy, MLK, and Malcom X, and riots at the Democratic Presidential Convention are going to lead to the_____ (who vote but don't always express their opinions publicly) helping to vote the more conservative Richard Nixon to become president in 1968.

Richard Nixon begins his process of_______, designed to withdraw US forces from Vietnam and return the Vietnam War back to South Vietnamese forces to fight for their own country and leave "Peace with Honor". After secret bombings and secret negotiations to save face are ultimately unsuccessful, Communist North Vietnam takes over Vietnam and communism is not contained in after the Vietnam War (1955-1975).

A federal law intended to check the U.S. president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress (Note: America or Congress never technically declared war against Vietnam, yet LBJ was able to send troops and Nixon was able to say we are leaving with "Peace and Honor" since we never formally declared war. This is why this OI is important to check that presidential power).

With other foreign affairs, Nixon is able to promote positive relations with China and the USSR such as ushering a period of relaxed tensions known as Detente. Which of these is this an example of promoting diplomatic relations in China?

With other foreign affairs, Nixon is able to promote positive relations with China and the USSR such as ushering a period of relaxed tensions known as Detente. Which of these is this an example of promoting diplomatic relations in Russia by reducing the number of nuclear weapons?

____ was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction

Rachel Carson is going to promote her book Silent Spring, in which she reveals all the toxic things going into the water in America and documenting the adverse environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate use of pesticides and chemicals, etc. This was a goal of the_____, helping to protect the health of environment and citizens.

____ landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy

____ showed how American leaders had deceived Congress, the media, and the public about how the Vietnam war was going. The distrust in the government and the people questioning presidential decisions was high during this time. Due this leak, Nixon becomes paranoid and begins wire tapping the White House and later has members of his campaign break into the Democratic HQ at ______ in an effort to help win the election. He goes through the impeachment process, but resigns before being officially impeached.

President Carter, known for being a political outsider, becomes president after Ford briefly taking over after Nixon. Although he had mixed effectiveness as a president on the homefront dealing with the energy crisis, one of his most notable accomplishments was dealing with the______, helping Egypt and Israel reach a temporary peace agreement in 1978.

The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the U.S. when 53 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981. Although Carter tried to fix it himself diplomatically and militarily, they weren't released until Reagan become president in the 1980 election.

Ronald Regan continued the rise of ______, especially as it grew throughout the Sun Belt. The Bible Belt also helped promote the idea of Americans voting on moral issues instead of political issues (Ex. Roe v. Wade- Do people support abortion or not?). Thus, the Moral Majority helped Regan become president and re-elected again during the 1984 election as well. On another hand, some_____ groups dealt with issues like the AIDS crisis that first appeared in the early 1980s, and rapidly became an epidemic among homosexual men.

Regan also promoted his idea of_______, based on the four pillars of Reagan's economic policy were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax to promote employment opportunities, reduce government regulation, and tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation.

_____ was a secret U.S. arms deal that traded missiles and other arms to free some Americans held hostage by terrorists in Lebanon, but also used funds from the arms deal to support armed conflict in Nicaragua. The controversial deal—and the ensuing political scandal—threatened to bring down the presidency of Ronald Reagan.

____, or Star Wars program, was a defense system that would shoot Soviet missiles out of the sky in space before they reached the United States atmosphere, henceforth creating a force field bubble around the United States. However, America didn’t actually have the technology put just advertised it like they did. As a result, the Soviets accuse US of violating Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) and try to spend heavily to match the program. Gorbachev falls for this tactic, causing near economic collapse in the Soviet Union in trying to overspend to do the same. As a result, this leads to the fall of the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War, and Regan's famous phrase: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this [Berlin] Wall."