In 1318, the great poet Amir Khusrau noted that there was a different language in every region of the subcontinent.

Languages like Lahori, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Dvarsamudri (in southern Karnataka), Telangani (in Andhra Pradesh), Gujari (in Gujarat), Ma‘bari (in Tamil Nadu), Gauri, (in Bengal) Awadhi (in eastern Uttar Pradesh), and Hindawi (in the area around Delhi) existed in different regions.

But the language Sanskrit did not belong to any region. It was an old language and a language not known to the common man, it was known only to the Brahamanas.

In 1318, the great poet Amir Khusrau noted that there was a different language in every region of the subcontinent.

Languages like Lahori, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Dvarsamudri (in southern Karnataka), Telangani (in Andhra Pradesh), Gujari (in Gujarat), Ma‘bari (in Tamil Nadu), Gauri, (in Bengal) Awadhi (in eastern Uttar Pradesh), and Hindawi (in the area around Delhi) existed in different regions.

But the language Sanskrit did not belong to any region. It was an old language and a language not known to the common man, it was known only to the Brahamanas.

Meaning of the term Medieval The history of the world can be divided into three broad periods.

Namely ancient, medieval, and modern. Each of these periods covers many centuries.

And the length of the period may differ from one part of the

world to another

for example, the medieval period began around the fifth century CE in Europe but around 8th century CE in India

The medieval period in India covers roughly 1100 years. The timeframe of the medieval period is taken as 700 CE to 1700 CE

Meaning of the term Medieval The history of the world can be divided into three broad periods.

Namely ancient, medieval, and modern. Each of these periods covers many centuries.

And the length of the period may differ from one part of the

world to another

for example, the medieval period began around the fifth century CE in Europe but around 8th century CE in India

The medieval period in India covers roughly 1100 years. The timeframe of the medieval period is taken as 700 CE to 1700 CE

Meaning of the term Medieval The history of the world can be divided into three broad periods.

Namely ancient, medieval, and modern. Each of these periods covers many centuries.

And the length of the period may differ from one part of the

world to another

for example, the medieval period began around the fifth century CE in Europe but around 8th century CE in India

The medieval period in India covers roughly 1100 years. The timeframe of the medieval period is taken as 700 CE to 1700 CE

Meaning of the term Medieval The history of the world can be divided into three broad periods.

Namely ancient, medieval, and modern. Each of these periods covers many centuries.

And the length of the period may differ from one part of the

world to another

for example, the medieval period began around the fifth century CE in Europe but around 8th century CE in India

The medieval period in India covers roughly 1100 years. The timeframe of the medieval period is taken as 700 CE to 1700 CE

Meaning of the term Medieval The history of the world can be divided into three broad periods.

Namely ancient, medieval, and modern. Each of these periods covers many centuries.

And the length of the period may differ from one part of the

world to another

for example, the medieval period began around the fifth century CE in Europe but around 8th century CE in India

The medieval period in India covers roughly 1100 years. The timeframe of the medieval period is taken as 700 CE to 1700 CE

The medieval period in India can be broadly divided into two phases.

(i) The early medieval period from the 8th to 13th centuries

and (ii) The later medieval period from the 13th century to the 18th century.

The medieval period in India can be broadly divided into two phases.

(i) The early medieval period from the 8th to 13th centuries

and (ii) The later medieval period from the 13th century to the 18th century.

The medieval period in India can be broadly divided into two phases.

(i) The early medieval period from the 8th to 13th centuries

and (ii) The later medieval period from the 13th century to the 18th century.

The sources are divided into two.

Written (Literary) sources and archaeological sources.

What are the written sources?

They are official records; the most valuable and reliable sources.

Writings of Contemporary chroniclers

which includes Al-Beruni, who wrote An inquiry into India.

The works of Aamir Khusro also here we also. Here we also

add the accounts of foreign travelers like Ibn Battuta, Abdur Razak and Nicola Conti

Written (Literary) sources and archaeological sources.

What are the written sources?

They are official records; the most valuable and reliable sources.

Writings of Contemporary chroniclers

which includes Al-Beruni, who wrote An inquiry into India.

The works of Aamir Khusro also here we also. Here we also

add the accounts of foreign travelers like Ibn Battuta, Abdur Razak, and Nicola Conti

The archaeological sources are indispensable as they are instrumental in understanding the artistic, cultural, as well as economic history of medieval India

What are the written sources?

They are official records; the most valuable and reliable sources.

Writings of Contemporary chroniclers

which includes Al-Beruni, who wrote An inquiry into India.

The works of Aamir Khusro also here we also. Here we also

add the accounts of foreign travelers like Ibn Battuta, Abdur Razak, and Nicola Conti

The archaeological sources are indispensable as they are instrumental in understanding the artistic, cultural, as well as economic history of medieval India

The archaeological sources are temples, mosques, forts, palaces, pillars, ruins of medieval buildings as well as coins.

They are official records; the most valuable and reliable sources.

Writings of Contemporary chroniclers

which includes Al-Beruni, who wrote An inquiry into India.

The works of Aamir Khusro also here we also. Here we also

add the accounts of foreign travelers like Ibn Battuta, Abdur Razak, and Nicola Conti

The archaeological sources are indispensable as they are instrumental in understanding the artistic, cultural, as well as economic history of medieval India

The archaeological sources are temples, mosques, forts, palaces, pillars, ruins of medieval buildings as well as coins.

They are official records; the most valuable and reliable sources.

Writings of Contemporary chroniclers

which includes Al-Beruni, who wrote An inquiry into India.

The works of Aamir Khusro also here we also. Here we also

add the accounts of foreign travelers like Ibn Battuta, Abdur Razak, and Nicola Conti

The archaeological sources are indispensable as they are instrumental in understanding the artistic, cultural, as well as economic history of medieval India

The archaeological sources are temples, mosques, forts, palaces, pillars, ruins of medieval buildings as well as coins.

They are official records; the most valuable and reliable sources.

Writings of Contemporary chroniclers

which includes Al-Beruni, who wrote An inquiry into India.

The works of Aamir Khusro also here we also. Here we also

add the accounts of foreign travelers like Ibn Battuta, Abdur Razak, and Nicola Conti

The archaeological sources are indispensable as they are instrumental in understanding the artistic, cultural, as well as economic history of medieval India

The archaeological sources are temples, mosques, forts, palaces, pillars, ruins of medieval buildings as well as coins.

They are official records; the most valuable and reliable sources.

Writings of Contemporary chroniclers

which includes Al-Beruni, who wrote An inquiry into India.

The works of Aamir Khusro also here we also. Here we also

add the accounts of foreign travelers like Ibn Battuta, Abdur Razak, and Nicola Conti

The archaeological sources are indispensable as they are instrumental in understanding the artistic, cultural, as well as economic history of medieval India

The archaeological sources are temples, mosques, forts, palaces, pillars, ruins of medieval buildings as well as coins.

They are official records; the most valuable and reliable sources.

Writings of Contemporary chroniclers

which includes Al-Beruni, who wrote An inquiry into India.

A Cartographer makes maps.

The study of making maps is called cartography

A Cartographer makes maps.

The study of making maps is called cartography

The map made by a French cartographer in 1720 CE was generally used by sailors and traders on

their voyages.

"The Map of Roger" in Latin), is a description of the world and world map

A map of the Indian sub-continent, made by a famous Arab geographer -- Al-Idrisi -- in 1154, which shows South India in the north and Sri Lanka at the top.

When historians read documents, maps, and texts from the past, it gives them information about

1. the different historical backgrounds

2. the contexts that is the circumstances in which the map was created

e.g. the map created by the French cartographer was made nearly 600 years after Al Idrisi created the first map

when the science of cartography was not so evolved.

When historians read documents, maps, and texts from the past, it gives them information about

1. the different historical backgrounds

2. the contexts that is the circumstances in which the map was created

e.g. the map created by the French cartographer was made nearly 600 years after Al Idrisi created the first map

when the science of cartography was not so evolved.

When historians read documents, maps, and texts from the past, it gives them information about

1. the different historical backgrounds

2. the contexts that is the circumstances in which the map was created

e.g. the map created by the French cartographer was made nearly 600 years after Al Idrisi created the first map

when the science of cartography was not so evolved.

When historians read documents, maps, and texts from the past, it gives them information about

1. the different historical backgrounds

2. the contexts that is the circumstances in which the map was created

e.g. the map created by the French cartographer was made nearly 600 years after Al Idrisi created the first map

when the science of cartography was not so evolved.

When historians read documents, maps, and texts from the past, it gives them information about

1. the different historical backgrounds

2. the contexts that is the circumstances in which the map was created

e.g. the map created by the French cartographer was made nearly 600 years after Al Idrisi created the first map

when the science of cartography was not so evolved.

What sources are used by historians to know about the period 700 to 1750 (the Medieval Period) that is the 1000 years of medieval India?

Historians obtain the information they need from Coins, Inscriptions, Architecture Textual records

There was a dramatic increase in the number and variety of textual records found by historians. These slowly displaced other types of available information.

The reason historians found a number of text records is: Paper became cheaper and more widely available.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

Manuscripts were collected by wealthy people, rulers, monasteries, and temples.

Historians obtain the information they need from Coins, Inscriptions, Architecture Textual records

There was a dramatic increase in the number and variety of textual records found by historians. These slowly displaced other types of available information.

The reason historians found a number of text records is: Paper became cheaper and more widely available.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

Manuscripts were collected by wealthy people, rulers, monasteries, and temples.

They were placed in libraries as well as archives.

There was a dramatic increase in the number and variety of textual records found by historians. These slowly displaced other types of available information.

The reason historians found a number of text records is: Paper became cheaper and more widely available.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

Manuscripts were collected by wealthy people, rulers, monasteries, and temples.

They were placed in libraries as well as archives.

These manuscripts and documents were rich and vital sources of information for historians.

The reason historians found a number of text records is: Paper became cheaper and more widely available.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

Manuscripts were collected by wealthy people, rulers, monasteries, and temples.

They were placed in libraries as well as archives.

These manuscripts and documents were rich and vital sources of information for historians.

The reason historians found a number of text records is: Paper became cheaper and more widely available.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

Manuscripts were collected by wealthy people, rulers, monasteries, and temples.

They were placed in libraries as well as archives.

These manuscripts and documents were rich and vital sources of information for historians.

The reason historians found a number of text records is: Paper became cheaper and more widely available.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

But they were difficult to use. Since the printing press was not available in ancient times, scribes copied manuscripts by hand.

They were placed in libraries as well as archives.

These manuscripts and documents were rich and vital sources of information for historians.

The reason historians found a number of text records is: Paper became cheaper and more widely available.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

But they were difficult to use. Since the printing press was not available in ancient times, scribes copied manuscripts by hand.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

These manuscripts and documents were rich and vital sources of information for historians.

The reason historians found a number of text records is: Paper became cheaper and more widely available.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

But they were difficult to use. Since the printing press was not available in ancient times, scribes copied manuscripts by hand.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

The reason historians found a number of text records is: Paper became cheaper and more widely available.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

But they were difficult to use. Since the printing press was not available in ancient times, scribes copied manuscripts by hand.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

Over many rounds of copying, these small differences got accumulated and became big enough to bring about a substantial difference in texts.

Paper was used for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

But they were difficult to use. Since the printing press was not available in ancient times, scribes copied manuscripts by hand.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

Over many rounds of copying, these small differences got accumulated and became big enough to bring about a substantial difference in texts.

This is a serious matter because we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today.

We are therefore dependent on the copies made by later scribes.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

Over many rounds of copying, these small differences got accumulated and became big enough to bring about a substantial difference in texts.

This is a serious matter because we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today.

We are therefore dependent on the copies made by later scribes.

Hence historians have to read many copies of manuscripts, i.e. different versions of manuscripts before concluding what was originally written.

This was a challenging task because there are instances where the handwriting is not very clear and legible. Hence, while copying they were forced to guess what was written.

Over many rounds of copying, these small differences got accumulated and became big enough to bring about a substantial difference in texts.

This is a serious matter because we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today.

We are therefore dependent on the copies made by later scribes.

Hence historians have to read many copies of manuscripts, i.e. different versions of manuscripts before concluding what was originally written.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

Over many rounds of copying, these small differences got accumulated and became big enough to bring about a substantial difference in texts.

This is a serious matter because we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today.

We are therefore dependent on the copies made by later scribes.

Hence historians have to read many copies of manuscripts, i.e. different versions of manuscripts before concluding what was originally written.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and wrote another version two years later.

This is a serious matter because we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today.

We are therefore dependent on the copies made by later scribes.

Hence historians have to read many copies of manuscripts, i.e. different versions of manuscripts before concluding what was originally written.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Hence historians have to read many copies of manuscripts, i.e. different versions of manuscripts before concluding what was originally written.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Hence historians have to read many copies of manuscripts, i.e. different versions of manuscripts before concluding what was originally written.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Hence historians have to read many copies of manuscripts, i.e. different versions of manuscripts before concluding what was originally written.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Hence historians have to read many copies of manuscripts, i.e. different versions of manuscripts before concluding what was originally written.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Hence historians have to read many copies of manuscripts, i.e. different versions of manuscripts before concluding what was originally written.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356

and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356

and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356

and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356

and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Revision of Chronicles: Some authors revised their chronicles at different times.

The fourteenth-century chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356

and wrote another version two years later.

Both the versions differ from each other.

Historians were not aware of the existence of the earlier version till the 1960s because it remained lost in large library collections.

Rajputs were a group of people who became popular between 700 Ad and 1750 AD that is a span of 1000 years

The name Rajput is derived from ‘Rajputra’ which means ‘son of the ruler’.

The term was applied more generally to a group of warriors during the period between the eighth century and the fourteenth century.

These groups of warriors claimed the Kshatriya status.

The term ‘Kshatriya’ included, apart from rulers and chieftains, the soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent.

Qualities attributed to Rajputs by their poets were extreme valour, chivalric code of conduct and a great sense of loyalty.

The name Rajput is derived from ‘Rajputra’ which means ‘son of the ruler’.

The term was applied more generally to a group of warriors during the period between the eighth century and the fourteenth century.

These groups of warriors claimed the Kshatriya status.

The term ‘Kshatriya’ included, apart from rulers and chieftains, the soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent.

Qualities attributed to Rajputs by their poets were extreme valour, chivalric code of conduct and a great sense of loyalty.

The name Rajput is derived from ‘Rajputra’ which means ‘son of the ruler’.

The term was applied more generally to a group of warriors during the period between the eighth century and the fourteenth century.

These groups of warriors claimed the Kshatriya status.

The term ‘Kshatriya’ included, apart from rulers and chieftains, the soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent.

Qualities attributed to Rajputs by their poets were extreme valour, chivalric code of conduct and a great sense of loyalty.

The name Rajput is derived from ‘Rajputra’ which means ‘son of the ruler’.

The term was applied more generally to a group of warriors during the period between the eighth century and the fourteenth century.

These groups of warriors claimed the Kshatriya status.

The term ‘Kshatriya’ included, apart from rulers and chieftains, the soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent.

Qualities attributed to Rajputs by their poets were extreme valour, chivalric code of conduct and a great sense of loyalty.

The name Rajput is derived from ‘Rajputra’ which means ‘son of the ruler’.

The term was applied more generally to a group of warriors during the period between the eighth century and the fourteenth century.

These groups of warriors claimed the Kshatriya status.

The term ‘Kshatriya’ included, apart from rulers and chieftains, the soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent.

Qualities attributed to Rajputs by their poets were extreme valour, chivalric code of conduct and a great sense of loyalty.

The name Rajput is derived from ‘Rajputra’ which means ‘son of the ruler’.

The term was applied more generally to a group of warriors during the period between the eighth century and the fourteenth century.

These groups of warriors claimed the Kshatriya status.

The term ‘Kshatriya’ included, apart from rulers and chieftains, the soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent.