A finite set of instructions that accomplish a task.

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information.

A way of representing information using only 2 options.

Online research output free of any and all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use, such as copyright or licenses restrictions

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

This states that speed and capability of computing will increase every 2 years.

A group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups

A type of device that forwards data across a network

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all

HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet

Differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics .

Some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press

The inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. This can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics

The steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing

Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program

A mistake in the program where the rules of the programming language are not followed

<, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression

A named reference to a possibly changing value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program

A named group of programming instructions. Also referred to as a “procedure”

Joins together two or more strings end-to-end to make a new string

A programming statement that can consist of a value, a variable, an operator, or a procedure call that returns a value

Determines which parts of an algorithm are executed based on a condition being true or false

Cccurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true

Abstractions of more complex objects or phenomena for a specific purpose

Manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing the specific details of the representation

A repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met

The process of accessing each item in a list one at a time

A common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers

An ordered collection of elements

A mistake in the algorithm or program that causes it to behave incorrectly or unexpectedly

An individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index

A search algorithm that starts at the middle of a sorted set of numbers and removes half of the data; this process repeats until the desired value is found or all elements have been eliminated

Provides a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible

A model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run simultaneously

A model in which programs are run by multiple devices

A variable in a function definition. Used as a placeholder for values that will be passed through the function

Used to give back the flow of control to the point where the procedure (also known as a function) was called and to give the value of expression

Application Program Interface - specifications for how functions in a library behave and can be used

A process and allows a procedure to be used only knowing what it does, not how it does it. This allows a solution to a large problem to be based on the solution of smaller subproblems. This is accomplished by creating procedures to solve each of the subproblems

The practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet

A process that makes the data uniform without changing its meaning (e.g., replacing all equivalent abbreviations, spellings, and capitalizations with the same word)

Includes a program as an integral part of its function. Can be physical (e.g. self-driving car), non-physical computing software (e.g. picture editing software), or non-physical computing concepts (e.g., e-commerce)

A technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information. That personal information can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank accounts and emails

A process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it

The use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user in order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information