A tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion, or shear

An applied force producing or tending to produce compression in an elastic body

A force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of the cross section, producing bending and an uneven distribution of stresses in the section

The tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist an axial force, assumed to be normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section

The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear tensile forces tending to elongate it

The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it

The force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear force

A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses in the cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal at any point to their algebraic sum

The act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body

The act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in a reduction in size or volume of an elastic body

The internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it, equal to the ratio of force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross-sectional area

The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force

The elongation of a unit length of material produced by tensile stress

The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it

The lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses

A test for determining the behavior of a material under axial tension, in which a specimen is gripped at both ends and pulled apart until rupture occurs, the most common test for structural materials

A test for determining the behavior of a material under axial compression, in which a specimen is crushed until fracture or disintegration occurs

Used for brittle materials since their low tensile strength is difficult to measure accurately

The resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material

A measure of the ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a test specimen after failure in a tensile test

A measure of the ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in cross-sectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test

An instrument for measuring minute deformations in a test specimen caused by tension, compression, bending, or twisting

A coefficient of elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between a pressure and the corresponding fractional change in volume produced

The reciprocal of bulk modulus, equal to the ratio of the ratio of the fractional change in volume to the pressure applied to a substance

An essential or distinctive attribute or quality belonging specifically in the constitution of, or found in, the behavior of a thing

Any of the physical properties of a material that exhibit a response to applied forces

The capability of a material to resist the forces imposed on it, esp. the ability to sustain a high stress without yielding or rupturing

The study of the relationship between applied external forces and the internal effects produced by these forces in a body

An internal force tangential to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in response to a shear force

An applied force producing or tending to produce shear in a body

A force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member, producing bending and shear

The lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane of contact

The bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length

The structural mechanism that enables a load to be channeled in a direction perpendicular to its application

The moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion

The twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and opposite torques, producing shearing and stresses in the body

A coefficient of elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between shearing stress and the corresponding shearing strain produced by the stress

An increase in stress that develops at discontinuities or flaws in a material

A coefficient of elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the stress

The ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body under longitudinal stress