Modern history abounds with violence fueled by apocalyptic myths, not always explicitly religious in nature. The aim of the Jacobin terror in revolutionary France was the creation of a modern state. If the violent suppression of the peasant revolt in the Vendée is included, the casualties ran into the hundreds of thousands. The myths that possessed these anarchists in their campaigns of assassination were secular myths of social transformation. Lenin avowedly followed the Jacobin example when he used the Cheka to create a modern state in Russia. One of the factors that distinguished Nazism and fascism from conventional tyrannies was the belief that a new society could be fashioned by the systematic use of terror. Violent jihadism has more in common with these modern totalitarian movements than is commonly supposed.

Nineteenth-century liberals recognized that democracy comes in various forms, and dreaded the version advocated by Rousseau, in which an inspired lawgiver interprets and implements the will of the people. Nowadays such fears are dismissed as elitist. But the old-fashioned liberals grasped a vital truth: popular government has no necessary connection with the freedom of individuals or minorities. Of course, liberals today will say this can be remedied by installing the rule of constitutional rights. Such systems are fragile, however, and count for nothing when large sections of society are indifferent or actively hostile to liberal values. Where this is the case, democracy means not much more than the tyranny of the majority.

Since the Holocaust is an axial event of modern history, its misunderstanding turns our minds in the wrong direction. When the Holocaust is blamed on the modern state, the weakening of state authority appears salutary. On the political right, the erosion of state power by international capitalism seems natural; on the political left, rudderless revolutions portray themselves as virtuous. In the 21st century, anarchical protest movements join in a friendly tussle with global oligarchy, in which neither side can be hurt since both see the real enemy as the state. Both the left and the right tend to fear order rather than its destruction or absence.

Though they do not involve burning dirty fossil fuels, hydropower projects are not emissions free. Often, large dams flood vast vegetated areas. As a result, the vegetation rots under water. Eventually, this leads to the release of methane, a greenhouse gas 34 times as potent as carbon dioxide. In some cases, large dams can result in even more lifetime greenhouse gas emissions than equivalent conventional sources. And this does not even include the emissions resulting from the construction of such dams – cement and equipment-heavy projects that usually take several years to build.

The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that best captures the author’s position.

Artificial embryo twinning is a relatively low-tech way to make clones. As the name suggests, this technique mimics the natural process that creates identical twins. In nature, twins form very early in development when the embryo splits in two. Twinning happens in the first days after egg and sperm join, while the embryo is made of just a small number of unspecialized cells. Each half of the embryo continues dividing on its own, ultimately developing into separate, complete individuals. Since they developed from the same fertilized egg, the resulting individuals are genetically identical

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.

Aesthetic political representation urges us to realize that ‘the representative has autonomy with regard to the people represented’ but autonomy then is not an excuse to abandon one’s responsibility. Aesthetic autonomy requires cultivation of ‘disinterestedness’ on the part of actors which is not indifference. To have disinterestedness, that is, to have comportment towards the beautiful that is devoid of all ulterior references to use – requires a kind of aesthetic commitment; it is the liberation of ourselves for the release of what has proper worth only in itself.

The rural-urban continuum and the heterogeneity of urban settings pose an obvious challenge to identifying urban areas and measuring urbanization rates in a consistent way within and across countries. An objective methodology for distinguishing between urban and rural areas that is based on one or two metrics with fixed thresholds may not adequately capture the wide diversity of places. A richer combination of criteria would better describe the multifaceted nature of a city’s function and its environment, but the joint interpretation of these criteria may require an element of human judgment.

The passage given below is followed by four alternative summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage. Key in the number of the option you chose as your answer.

Orchids can be so difficult to grow that even professional horticulturalists have trouble keeping them alive. And yet orchids are the largest family of flowering plants in existence, comprising 30,000 different species and more than 200,000 hybrid varieties. Much of this presence has to do with the orchid’s ability to thrive in different environments, particularly in the tropics. Nevertheless, orchid-lovers who live in colder climates shouldn’t be discouraged. With proper equipment and care, many species of orchids can thrive in home environments.

The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that best captures the author.

To me, a "classic" means precisely the opposite of what my predecessors understood: a work is classical by reason of its resistance to contemporaneity and supposed universality, by reason of its capacity to indicate human particularity and difference in that past epoch. The classic is not what tells me about shared humanity — or, more truthfully put, what lets me recognize myself as already present in the past, what nourishes in me the illusion that everything has been like me and has existed only to prepare the way for me. Instead, the classic is what gives access to radically different forms of human consciousness for any given generation of readers, and thereby expands for them the range of possibilities of what it means to be a human being.

The sum of the ages of Kidambi and Srikanth 14 years hence will be equal to 2 times their present age. If at present Kidambi is 8 years elder to Srikanth, then what are their present ages?

6 years ago, the ratio of the ages of Arun and Prathap is 7: 6. Present age of Rajeev is 10 years more than one – sixth of Prathap’s present age. Find the ratio of present age of Prathap and Rajeev, if Arun’s age after 6 years is 40 years?

The ratio of present ages of Sri and Gowtham is 3: 4. Mahesh is 6 years older than Sri and two years younger than Gowtham. Find the sum of the present ages of Sri and Mahesh?

The product of the ages of Asha and Nithi is 540. If twice the age of Asha is more than Nithi’s age by 6 years, then find Asha’s age?

. Naveena’s present age is four times her son’s present age and two fifth of her father’s present age. The average present age of all of them is 40 years. Find the sum of Naveena’s son’s present age and Naveena’s father’s present age?

The ratio of B’s age six years hence to C’s present age is 5: 3. B is eleven years younger than A. If A’s present age is twice the age of C, then find B’s age, 4 years ago?

. After 2 years, the age of Karthi is 2 times the present age of Silambu. Preethi is 8 years elder than Silambu. Find the present age of Karthi, if the present age of Preethi is 23 years?

4 years ago, the age of A is 2 times the present age of B. C is 12 years elder than B and 10 years younger than A. Find the present age of D, if the present age of C is 6 times the present age of D?

The ratio of present age of Ramesh and Karthi is 2: 3. Sheela is 3 years elder than Karthi. The average present ages of three of them is 25 years. Find the age of Janvi, 4 years ago, if the present age of Janvi is 2 times the present age of Ramesh?

The ratio between Gautham and Manoj is 35: x. Manoj is 6 years younger than Nisha. Nisha’s age after 8 years will be 30 years. The Gautham’s present age is 3 years less than the sum of the present age of Manoj and Nisha. Find the value of x?

Who according to the Constitution of India has the power to declare any area a Scheduled Area?

Which of the following article of the Constitution is directed to establish Uniform Civil Code?

The pardoning power given to the President of India under Article 72 can be exercised:

In which year was the Collegium System for the appointment of Judges adopted by the Supreme Court of India?

Indian citizens have right to information because of

Members of Election Commission are appointed by…………….

Which of the following is called ‘Mini Constitution’?

Keshavananda Bharati case was associated with……………

Among the following which agency conducts election to the local bodies

The Governor of a state is a

If the packaging cost of each mobile of model C is Rs. 400 then find the total cost spent on the assembling of all the mobiles of model C.

Total cost spent on Machinery for all the mobiles of model B is how much % more than the total cost spent on Advertisement of all the mobiles of model E?

Total cost spent on the components of all the mobiles of model D is Rs. 1.8 Crores then find the machinery cost of each mobile of model D.

The mobiles of model E are sold at 15% profit and the total profit earned by selling all the mobiles of model E is Rs. 84 Lacs. Find the cost spent on advertisement on each mobile of model E

What is the total amount of profit earned by selling 1/3rd of the mobiles of model A, if the assembling cost of each mobile of model A is Rs. 1875 and profit % is 8%?

Who is sitting in front or behind G?

The person who is sitting to the immediate left of H is from which state?

Who belongs to Assam?

Who is sitting behind the person who is sitting to the immediate left of the person who is from Sikkim?

The person sitting in front of the person from Goa belongs to which state?