Pictures of information about areas and places that helps visualize data and enable information to be seen at a glance.

One of the major school of spatially-oriented study of crime and delinquency that is concentrated on geographic variations in social conditions under the assumption that they were related to crime.

According to Tufte, the depiction of the decline of Napoleon's Army in Russia in 1812-13 was an exemplary map and it was prepared by whom?

It is the cycle in which maps and other visualizations are the outcome of hypothesis formulation, data gathering, analysis, review and evaluation.

The science of mapmaking.

According to Vaseliev (1996) of Crime Incidents in measuring time and space, time is harder to grasp and maps have represented time in multiple ways including the following, EXCEPT

These are vitally important for cartographers concerned with representing large areas of Earth's surface owing to the distortion problem and the myriad choices.

This provide the x-y reference system to described locations in two-dimentional space, which it differs from projection.

A French Mathematician and the founder of analytical geometry and the cartesian coordinate system.

This was devised for greater user convenience, with a rectangular grid superimposed over the latitude and longitude.

This is used to refer to the most of the world, excluding only polar regions, and consists of 60 zones, north-south, each 6 degrees of longitude wide.

A type of Map information which is the most important of all the types because because it has so many implications for investigators and for the allocation of patrol and community resources.

A type of Map information which is useful concepts in crime analysis, as so much of what crime analysts do involves describing or analyzing the pattern of crime occurrences.

This is commonly expressed as ratio, in words, or as bar graph located somwhere in the map frame.

This dominated between 1830 and 1880. this workwas based on social data, which governments were beginning to gather.

This school dominated between the cartographic period and ecological period that focused on the relationship between the mental and ohysical characteristics of people and crime.

This has put graphic tools within the reach of virtually everyone, preparing a publication-quality graphic and tatistical.

This is used throughpout scienbce as a fundamental tool. it is a universal paradigm, or model, for scientific investigation.

The following are fundamental tradeoff according to maps as abstractions of reality: benefits and costs, EXCEPT

These are measured from the center of the earth between the Equator and poles, 90 degrees north and south, with the equator as 0 degrees and each pole 90 degrees.

These are also measured from the center of the earth, 180 degrees east and west pf the prime meridian running through the royal naval observatory in Greenwich.

The following are elements of maps that help provide consistency for readers, EXCEPT

Color is important in area differentatiation and it has three dimensions to show physiological, psychological and physical processes involved in crime mapping, EXCEPT:

An element of map composition that refers to the need to arrange parts of the map in a way that enhances visual symmetry.

An element of map composition that refers the alignment of the parts of the map on a page within a frame.

An element of map composition that refers to a concept based on the assumption that people read maps like the printed page from upper left to lower right.

A model explaining how visual information is processed wherein the visual information moves through three memory stages: iconic, short-term visual store and long-term visual memory.

A model explaining how visual information is processed which is a sophisticated three-dimensional model that is similar to the process of abstraction in cartography.

A theory/model explaining how visual information is processed which iconic images are converted into something recognizable through pattern matching.