2. Occurs when an arguments contradict one another

3. Any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; If A is not true then B is not true.

4. Any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; if A is not true then B is not true

5. Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning is used to argue

6. Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks

7. Occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument

8. Occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and the reader is expected to accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while the other is not

9. Occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed

10. Occurs when a sample is not significant enough to support a generalization about population

11. Occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn

12. Occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute

13. Occurs when the argument quotes an expert who's not qualified in the particular subject matter

14. The authority in question is mentioned or named

15. Occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is proven to be false, and vice versa