A research tool for data collection that is a set of structured questions for which answers can be coded and analyzed:

In what type of research, investigators look at the relationship between variables?

Studies involving collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions concerning the subject's current status (of the study).

In descriptive research, we are just describing our subjects in terms of one or more variables, while in correlational research we are looking at the relationship between variables.

Studies conducted into an issue or problem where there are few or no earlier studies to refer to. The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for later investigation.

Books, articles, authentic texts, language corpora, etc. are called:

Words that are opposite with respect to one of their semantic properties are called:

The word that is the same as another one in pronunciation and/or spelling, but different in meaning, e.g.: chase (to pursue) & chase (to ornament metal)

A word that has the same sound as another word, but is spelt differently and has a different meaning, e.g.: to & two

The word of the same spelling as another word, but of different sound, origin and meaning; whether pronounced the same or not, e.g.: lead (the metal) & lead (to go in front of)

The study of the meanings of the words and sentences is termed as:

The knowledge of a language represented by mental grammar that accounts for speakers' linguistic ability and creativity:

Lingiwstyka prawnicza, lingwistyka sądowa, np. teksty testamentów i listów pod kątem autorstwa, fałszerstwa, itp.

Narzędzia do sporządzania portretu językowo-psychologicznego osób uwikłanych w przestępstwa, terrorystów, badanie listów samobójczych, osób anonimowych podkładających ładunki wybuchowe, itp.

Język i jego funkcja w religii; komunikacja w sferze doświadczeń religijno-duchowych człowieka i jego kontaktu z bogiem.

Humanistyka cyfrowa (technologia informatyczna w aspekcie badań językowych, np. badanie tekstów naukowych w zasobach cyfrowych)

Nowotwór językowy; nowy wyraz, wyrażenie bądź zwrot, dotąd nie używany w naszym języku. Aby był poprawny, musi być utworzony według zasad słowotwórstwa w danym języku.

What allows linguists to peer backwards in time and determine the linguistic history of a language family:

The study of physical characteristics of speech sound is:

I like your new song but it can't hold a candle to your previous one.

A linguist's representation or model of the mental grammar including the units, structures and rules) is...

Linguistics takes a descriptive approach to language: it tries to explain things as they actually are, not as we wish them to be; When we study language descriptively, we try to find the unconscious rules that people follow;

The study of language use in relation to structure and context of utterance is:

How do we name a study of nonverbal (auxiliary-pomocniczy, posiłkowy) human communication?

A small set of words in languages may be onomatopeic (i.e. their sounds 'imitate' what they refer to). Polish - Onomatopeja

Języki w aspekcie terytorialnym badane są w ramach dziedziny o nazwie...

The relationship between two sentences, where the truth of one ifers the truth of the other is a(n):

Words scarlet (szkarłatny), emerald, turquoise are ... of the word colour.

...is the act of including someone or something as part of a group, list, etc., or a person or thing that is included.

... is the act of not allowing someone or something to take part in an activity or to enter a place:

her exclusion from the list of Oscar nominees

the exclusion of disruptive students from school

Fast-changing words and phrases used in casual speech by close-knit social or age groups are termed as:

Empirical research involving an analysis of numerical data is called:

The act of referring to something using a word that describes one of its qualities or features is called...

Concerns the core structural elements of language, namely phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

Study of phenomena, historical changes, and functions of language without restriction to a particular language or to a particular aspect (as phonetics, grammar, stylistics) of language.

The interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, psychology, communication, research, anthropology, and sociology.

A branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.

Branch of linguistics that concerns itself with the study of the language system in the abstract, without regard to the meaning or notional content of linguistic expressions. In micro-linguistics, language reduced to the abstract mental elements of syntax and phonology.

Branch of linguistics that deals with language and related extra-lingual phenomena as a whole.

The set of associations implied by a word in addition to its literal meaning for example the emotional reaction engendered in the reader/speaker by means of a particular word/expression.

An expression that describes a person or object by referring to one of its qualities or features.

A complex linguistic unit that has both phonetic and phonological characteristics.

The study of speech sounds in their physical aspects.

The study of speech sounds in their cognitive aspects.

The study of the formation of words.

The study of the formation of sentences.

The study of meaning, reference, or truth.

The study of language use.

A descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language, is used, and society's effect on language.

The study of the mental aspects of language and speech. It is primarily concerned with the ways in which language is represented and processed in the brain.

Field of linguistic that studies the relationship between language and culture and how different ethnic groups perceive the world.

A scientific study of linguistic dialect, sub-field of sociolinguistics. It studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features.

How language is represented in the brain: that is, how and where our brains store our knowledge of the language.

Considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account.

Considers the development and evolution of a language through history.

Relating to the way different words or language elements can be combined to make language structures.

Relating to the way different words or language items can be chosen to play a particular part in a language structure.

An equating verb (such as 'be' or 'become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence.

The word class that qualifies nouns.

Having more than one possible meaning. (niejednoznaczny, dwuznaczny)

A word that modifies something other than a noun.

Shortening something by omitting parts of it.

e.g. is the abbreviation for the Latin phrase exempli gratia, meaning “for example.”

A verb that combines with another verb in a verb phrase to help form tense, mood, voice, or condition of the verb it combines with.

A word formed from the initial letters of several words.

A preceding occurrence or cause or event.

Charles Babbage's mechanical calculating engines were the antecedents of the modern computer.

In grammar, a situation in which two nouns or noun phrases are used to refer to the same person or thing:

In the expression "my brother Joe", "my brother" and "Joe".

a word that combines two or more different words. Often, the meaning of the compound cannot be discovered by knowing the meaning of the different words that form it. Compounds may be written either as one word or as separate words.

A group of words, consisting of a subject and a finite form of a verb.

In the sentence "I'll get you some stamps if I go to town", "if I go to town" is a subordinate/dependent clause (= it is not as important as the main part of the sentence and could not exist as a separate sentence).

A word such as 'and', 'but', 'while', or 'although' that connects words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence.

To make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it.

Strawberries and cream ... each other perfectly.

The fact of something becoming smaller or shorter.

The fact of becoming less in amount or quantity.

A trite (banał) or obvious remark.

My wedding day - and I know it's a ... - was just the happiest day of my life.

A sentence made from two independent sentences joined by "and", "or", or "but", as in "Mary read and Tom slept."

The comparative form of an adjective or adverb.

A pronoun that points out an intended referent.

Demonstrative words are words, for example, "this", "that", "these", and "those", that show which person or thing is being referred to:

In the sentence "This is my brother", "this" is a demonstrative pronoun.

The direct object of a transitive verb is the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb.

e. g. Cats eat fish.

A report of the exact words of an author or speaker and is placed inside quotation marks in a written work. For example, Dr. King said, "I have a dream."

In grammar, a clause that cannot form a separate sentence but can form a sentence when joined with a main clause.

e. g. "Because I can't wait for the bus. "

A sentence that makes a statement or states a fact.

e. g. "I like climbing."

A words or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence.

e. g. "When young" in "When young, circus appeal to all of us."

Omission or suppression of parts of words or sentences.

An ellipsis (plural: ellipses) is a punctuation mark consisting of three dots. Full quotation: "Today, after hours of careful thought, we vetoed the bill." With ellipsis: "Today … we vetoed the bill."

A word ending in "-ing" that is made from a verb and used like a noun.

e. g. In the sentence "Everyone enjoyed Tyler's singing", the word "singing".

A verb form that gives a command. For example:

e. g. Empty the bin, John.

(of a verb) Having or needing no object.

In the sentence "I tried to persuade him, but he wouldn't come", "come".

A situation in which something which was intended to have a particular result has the opposite or a very different result.

The ... (of it) is that the new tax system will burden those it was intended to help.

The basic form of a verb that usually follows "to".

e. g. In the sentences "I had to go" and "I must go", "go".

The act of tying or biding things together.

In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined as a single glyph. An example is the character æ as used in English, in which the letters a and e are joined.

A word that is used to show a short sudden expression of emotion.

e. g. "Hey!"

An indicative mood is a verb form that makes a statement or asks a question. For example:

e. g. Jack sings every Friday.

e. g. Is Jack the lead vocalist?

A tense that is used to describe an unfinished action. In English, all continuous (also called progressive) tenses.

past, present, future - continuous

A clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence.

A relative clause is one connected to the main clause by a word such as which, that, whom, whose, when, where, or who.

Every sentence contains at least one. It may form part of a compound sentence or a complex sentence, but it also makes sense on its own, as in this example:

He was eating a bacon sandwich.

[.......................]................................

Depends on the main clause for its meaning. Together with the main clause, this clause forms part of a complex sentence. Here are two examples of sentences containing these clauses:

After we had had lunch,we went back to work.[subordinate clause]..........[main clause]

This clause is one that usually begins with if or unless and describes something that is possible or probable:

If it looks like rain we will go home. [conditional clause][main clause]

a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that occurs in addition to a direct object after some verbs and indicates the person or thing that receives what is being given or done : the person or thing that the action of a verb is performed for or directed to In the sentences

"She bought him a present,"

................................[....]....[direct].............

Is a type of sentence that asks a question, as opposed to sentences that make a statement, deliver a command, or express an exclamation. This type of sentence is typically marked by inversion of the subject and predicate; that is, the first verb in a verb phrase appears before the subject.

e. g. Did Nina sleep well?

An equating verb (such as 'be' or 'become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence.

Technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject.

a word or phrase that is used with another word or phrase to limit or add to its meaning:

In "safety barrier" the noun "safety"

A system for naming things, especially in a particular area of science.

The synonim of terminology.

A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes.

Because of the separation, sentences with this error often sound awkward, ridiculous, or confusing. Furthermore, they can be downright illogical. e. g. "when young" in "when young, circuses appeal to all of us"

The act of creating or using words that include sounds that are similar to the noises the words refer to.

An expression consisting of one or more words.

a word that is used instead of a noun or a noun phrase:

Pronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned.

"She", "it", and "who" are examples of pronouns.

In grammar, the part of a sentence that contains the verb and gives information about the subject:

In the sentence "We went to the airport", "went to the airport".

The form of a verb that usually ends in "ed" or "ing" and is used as an adjective:

In the sentences "He's sleeping" and "I've already eaten", the words "sleeping" and "eaten".

In grammar, a word that is used before a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun, connecting it to another word:

In the sentences "We jumped in the lake", and "She drove slowly down the track", "in" and "down".

The Possessive case is used to express that something belongs to someone or to show a relationship between two or more people. We show this ownership by adding an apostrophe and an s to the noun if the noun is a person or an animal. We use the word "of" if there is a relation between two or more things.

With persons and animals:

Singular: 's

This is Tom's bike.

This is Kathy's mother.

Plural: s'

These are the boys' bikes.

This is the girls' mum.

The name of a particular person, place, or object that is spelled with a capital letter:

In English are Joseph, Vienna, and the White House.

Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition and the words which follow it (a complement). The complement (underlined below) is most commonly a noun phrase or pronoun, but it can also be, an adverb phrase (usually one of place or time), a verb in the -ing form or, less commonly, a prepositional phrase or a wh-clause:

They first met at a party. (preposition + noun phrase)

She was taken ill during the film. (preposition + noun phrase)

word or words added to a sentence without changing the meaning or grammar of the original sentence. It gives extra information but is not essential. You can add and remove a parenthetical and the sentence works just the same.

Some information in a sentence is essential to its meaning, and some information may be less important or "nonessential":

Essential: The person taking money at the door asked for a form of identification.

Nonessential: The police, hoping to save time, took the expressway.

(especially of a word, phrase, etc.) unnecessary because it is more than is needed:

In the sentence "She is a single unmarried woman", the word "unmarried".

A pronoun such as which, who, or that, used to begin a relative clause:

In the sentence "The woman who stole my phone was wearing a brown jacket", "who" is a relative pronoun.

Words like myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves. They refer back to a person or thing.

We often use them when the subject and the object of a verb are the same.

I cut myself when I was making dinner.

I hope you enjoy yourselves at the party!

occurs when two or more independent clauses (also known as complete sentences) are connected improperly.

Example: I love to write papers I would write one every day if I had the time.

There are two complete sentences in the above example:

Sentence 1: I love to write papers.

Sentence 2: I would write one every day if I had the time.

It is a part of a sentence that adds additional information to the main clause. It is simply the word/words that are used to join a subordinating clause to another clause or sentence.

Without:

"He was annoyed, the train had stopped."

With:

"He was annoyed because the train had stopped."

Highest in quality.

e. g.

Richest

Fastest

(of a person's behaviour or way of speaking or writing) too formal and not smooth or natural:

e. g.

He writes in a formal and somewhat ... style.

The dialogue sounded ... and unnatural, perhaps because of the translation.

It is for expressing wishes, proposals, suggestions, or imagined situations, as in "I wish I could look at that fabulous cat all day."

It is a verb that requires an object to receive the action.

Example:

Correct: The speaker discussed different marketing strategies in the video.

Incorrect: The speaker discussed in the video.

Using or consisting of too many words.

Boring verbosity (nudny słowotok).