With a long history of colonization that left behind at least two immediately discernible layers of cultural influence, the Spanish and the American, and a less discernible (being more deeply assimilated) one, the __________.

It is what can be properly called a popular culture in the Philippines and this is of recent vintage.

It is the earliest form of popular culture research. It is concerned with content (content analyses) and effects on the audience.

“Serious" literature like the novel, short story, poem, and plays were not reaching the great majority, not even the urban masses, and certainly not the rural masses.

It is the first Filipino comic strip which first appeared in 1929.

The other comic strip characters that joined slick-haired Kenkoy were not modelled on American comics characters.

The other characters of “Kenkoy” were:

1. ________, who roamed the mountains of Luzon as Tarzan did Africa;

2. _________, the Chinese corner store owner (long a stock figure of fun in Philippine life, fiction and drama);

3. __________________, the barrio doctor whose last name meant quack;

4. _________________, local counterparts of Maggie and Jiggs.

Since 1972 and Martial Law, the komiks have also been used by government agencies to carry such developmental messages such as:

The komik’s content - the dreams, the hopes, the values, the vision of life, the escape from reality (that suggests the reality escaped from), the problems and their solutions, the total world view reflected in the komiks - definitely does not make the komiks popular culture.

There are sixteen million regular readers of the komiks from Aparri to Jolo.

When one considers that the total population of the Philippines is 44 million, the number of komiks readers represents:

Anyone can read a komiks magazine for ______ centavos.

Komiks have been studied both from the mass communication and the literary-cultural approaches.

One early study was ___________________.

The short features that were the first films shown in the Philippines are called?

These two Americans produced the first two locally made feature films in the Philippines that was both on the life of Jose Rizal.

This is the first full-length feature film in the Philippines (1919) which used the story and the star of Hermogenes Ilagan's zarzuela.

The first talking picture in the islands made by Musser (1932)

By 1939, the Philippine movie industry was ______ in the world in the number of talkies produced.

The Philippine movie industry moved from the big-studio syndrome to the present proliferation of small independent producers battling many obstacles.

Who of these stars have become folk heroes or in the current lingo, “superstars”?

Filipinos enjoy a longevity that foreign films do not.

They undergo:

1. First-run Metro Manila circuit

2. Provincial circuit

3. Second-run circuit

4. Third and Fourth run circuit (cheap movie houses)

5. Television

There are film archives in the Philippines, there are even film libraries in the vaults of the former Big Four.

The former big four in film are:

In the year 1976, formed a film critic’s circle and its called?

It is used to symbolize the unelevated taste reflected in the movies, with their melodrama, weeping, fighting, formula romances, and stereotyped characters.

Literature on the Filipino film includes five books, none of them real studies of film as film. These are:

A few scholarly studies are concerned with film history so these two scholars contributed in the literature of Filipino film:

It examines folk drama as a source for the Filipino film.

It studies colonial values expressed in both Filipino Drama and Film.

Dr. Lumbera's as yet unpublished study of the archetypal heroes and heroines in Philippine film does not see them as derived from Philippine literature.

In June 1922, three 50-watt stations owned and operated by an electrical supply company and organized by an American, ___________________, were given temporary permits to set up stations in Manila and Pasay.

The three 50-watt stations were replaced by 100-watt stations after two years of providing mostly music for those who owned sets.

Radio in the thirties is said to have gained almost as much glamor as the movies. These two were the more popular radio shows.

During the Japanese occupation, all radio stations were closed, except ______, which was renamed ______.

It was on these hidden radio sets that the underground newspapers depended heavily for information on the war.

In 1961, the largest broadcasting chain in the Philippines began to be formed.

First as _______________,

which became then the ___________________,

then the __________________,

lastly after Martial Law became the _______________.

It is the first soap opera in Pilipino initiated by DZRH.

It is one of the first successful local show initiated by DZRH that is about a Philippine superhero.

It became famous for on-the-spot news coverage, and for “Newscoop”.

He started Republic Broadcasting System's DZBB on March 1, 1950.

A program on which controversial individuals discussed "hot" subjects. It is on Republic Broadcasting System's DZBB, started by Bob Stewart.

It is a radio show famous for satire on Filipino manners, mores, politics, and government which eventually moved on to television.

The formula of Philippine radio consists of a:

1. soap opera

2. emceed popular music programs

3. public service

4. advice-to-the-lovelorn programs

5. news

6. a few "different" shows as spice

In 1959, the reach of radio changed with the "______________"

President Carlos P. Garcia asked CARE to donate a few thousand transistor radios for the barrios, explaining that these would "combat subversive elements in the rural areas" most of which, of course, did not, and still do not, have electricity.

In the barrio, the traditional and often the only method of spreading or getting information was not by word of mouth.

For this reason, the transistor radio became a towering presence, bringing news of the government and of the city etc.

These are the two principal forms of popular culture conveyed by radio.

The two principal writers who have used other approaches in radio researching are:

1. __________________, poet and journalist, who takes a historico-critical approach, and

2. __________________, who takes a semi-literary approach.

Vitug, called the radio soap opera “__________________"'

Because it feels that the scriptwriters are "imprisoned" by time constraints and by formula plots, and should awake to their responsibility to make radio drama an instrument for awareness and education, and thus a spring of information and truth.

He studied the female roles in the dramas - the expected and unrelenting martyrdom that make the heroines dominant over the males.

The longest-running shows on radio were the serials:

Both built on the foolproof formula of cascades of tears and flocks of martyred women, according to Reyes.

This was the first magazine of general circulation published in 1905.

It cannot be called popular however, since it was in English, and therefore, not available to the majority, especially since English had only begun 4 years earlier.

It was printed on cheap newsprint and read by the majority of English-speaking Philippine public. Its the first popular magazine.

This was the real popular magazine, started in 1923, and which by 1941 had a circulation of 89,000. It also had sister publications.

These were the popular women’s magazines back then:

He sees women’s magazines as escape literature for "bored housewives” and for females ages seven to seventy.

These were the content of the two essays of Dr. Reyes regarding women’s magazines:

Pop Music in the Philippines before was definitely American.

There was popular music earlier, and although some of these actually found their way into records, they were not sung on vaudeville stages or spun out on the airlanes.

In 1973, _______________ and his ________________ band experimented with what later came to be called Pinoy rock.

A group with a slowed down, melodious beat, and a hit with a title in Taglish.

When serious poet _______________ translated an album of American songs into Pilipino for singer _______________, producing songs so beautiful they seemed newly composed, the Pinoy trend was on.

It gave the spontaneous movement of Pinoy music a boost by requiring each radio station to play at least three Filipino songs every hour.

They aided generous prizes and contests for Pinoy performers, lyricists, etc.

He was a phenomenal, untrained composer-singer who went international with "Anak".

It devoted to all types of popular music and has been publishing news and commentary on Philippine pop music since 1973.

They have spearheaded the formation of a circle of music critics which aims to devote serious study to popular Filipino music.

Mass communication studies tend to itemize and enumerate, when quantification should be used only as a means towards explaining meaning and significance.

The literature of popular culture consists mainly of: