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1/4 Exam Review, 2021

Total questions: 95

Worksheet time: 32mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness . . .”— The Declaration of Independence


Which Enlightenment thinker most directly influenced the notion expressed in this passage?

a)

Thomas Hobbes

b)

John Locke

c)

Jacques Bossuet

d)

Baron de Montesquieu

2.

An agreement by which people give up their freedoms for an organized society.

a)

laissez-faire

b)

natural rights

c)

social contract

d)

natural law

3.

Rules discoverable by reason

a)

laissez-faire

b)

natural rights

c)

social contract

d)

natural law

4.

Influenced by the ideas of Voltaire

a)

Frederick II

b)

Catherine the Great

c)

Joseph II

d)

Candide

5.
The universe model with the EARTH at the center 
a)
Geocentric
b)
Heliocentric
c)
Galileo
d)
Copernicus
6.
Which philosopher thought the purpose of government was to protect us from our own evil nature?
a)
Thomas Hobbes
b)
John Locke
c)
Montesquieu
d)
Beccaria
7.
How did Montesquieu influence our modern political world?
a)
Freedom of Speech 
b)
Gender equality 
c)
Natural rights
d)
Separation of powers 
8.
This philosopher would influence our country to have separation of church and state 
a)
Montesquieu
b)
Voltaire
c)
Locke
d)
Beccaria 
9.
The agreement to give up some freedom in order to have your rights protected is called what?
a)
direct democracy
b)
natural rights
c)
separation of church and state
d)
social contract 
10.
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement based on ______________?
a)
Religion
b)
Science
c)
Art/Culture
d)
Logic/Reason
11.
 _____________________ was an Italian astronomer who developed the telescope, which then confirmed Copernicus’ Heliocentric Theory 
a)
Isaac Newton
b)
Galileo Galilei 
c)
Adam Smith
d)
Dennis Diderot
12.
He pioneered the use of inductive reasoning for the use in the scientific method.
a)
Kepler
b)
Bacon
c)
Galen
d)
Aristotle
13.
What did Francis Bacon contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
a)
the geocentric theory
b)
the scientific method
c)
the heliocentric theory
d)
the law of universal gravitation
14.
The Declaration of Independence represents Enlightenment ideals because it
a)
states that all titles of nobility should be abolished
b)
protects the rights of the accused and prohibited cruel punishment
c)
sets up a system of checks and balances for the US government
d)
says that people have rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
15.

Which of the following was an early spokesperson for women's rights?

a)

Denis Diderot

b)

Marie Antoinette

c)

Mary Wollstonecraft

d)

Mrs. Reichert

16.

What book did Adam Smith write?

a)

Wealth of Nations

b)

The Social Contract

c)

Leviathan

d)

The Spirit of the Laws

17.
According to Rousseau, what is the role of government?
a)
It is to dictate to the people what the government wants.
b)
It is to implement policies beneficial to the government.
c)
It is to steer away from popular sovereignty.
d)
It is to protect the "general will" of the people
18.

Adam Smith’s doctrine that maintains that the state should not intervene in economics is called

a)

Laissez-faire

b)

Socialism

c)

Mercantilism

d)

Imperialism

19.

Who argued against harsh punishments and felt that punishment should be severe enough to outweigh the potential benefits of the crime?

a)

Cesare Beccaria

b)

John Locke

c)

Montesquieu

d)

Thomas Hobbes

20.

What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society?

a)

natural right

b)

natural law

c)

social contract

d)

divine right

21.

Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the

a)

Reformation

b)

Glorious Revolution

c)

Renaissance

d)

Scientific Revolution.

22.

Diderot's Encyclopedia was important because it

a)

compiled classical Greek and Roman works.

b)

spread Enlightenment ideas.

c)

was the first publication printed with moveable type.

d)

was the first publication to include articles by women.

23.

The system of checks and balances in the United States Constitution was influenced by the ideas of which Enlightenment thinker?

a)

Montesquieu

b)

Voltaire

c)

Rousseau

d)

Diderot

24.

An Enlightened despot was a ruler who

a)

The old order respects Roman tradition.

b)

allowed limited voting rights.

c)

gained stronger absolute power.

d)

brought about political and social change.

25.

A Russian despot that studied the philosophies and embraced enlightenment ideas

a)

Frederick the Great.

b)

James I

c)

Joseph II.

d)

Catherine the Great.

26.

According to Thomas Hobbes, the best form of government is

a)

a federal republic.

b)

a theocracy.

c)

absolute monarchy.

d)

a democracy.

27.

Salons helped to spread...?

a)

Enlightenment thinking

b)

Coffee Cups

c)

The King's laws

d)

Catholic scripture

28.
The Scientific Revolution can best be described as:
a)
A period when scientists embraced the teachings of the Church
b)
The time when the Catholic Church empathized most with scientists 
c)
period when scientists began to question the old teachings of the Church
d)
 Scientific property invented by astrophysicists to explain the rotation of the Earth
29.

French Enlightenment philosopher who strongly believed in freedom of speech and religion

a)

Voltaire

b)

Denis Diderot

c)

Mary Wollstonecraft

d)

John Locke

30.

Who wrote the Spirit of Laws

a)

Locke

b)

Hobbes

c)

Rousseau

d)

Montesquieu

31.

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

a)

Aboslutism

b)

Divine Right

c)

Petition of Right

d)

Constitutional Monarchy

32.

An agreement by which people give up their freedom for an organized society.

a)

Social Contract

b)

English Bill of Rights

c)

Petition of Rights

d)

US Constitution

33.

Thomas Hobbes work about society during the Enlightenment.

a)

Leviathan

b)

King James II

c)

Charles I of England

d)

Louis XIV

34.

Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change.

a)

Baroque

b)

Enlightened Despot

c)

Aboslutism

d)

Divine Right

35.

An idea found in the writings of both Locke and Rousseau is

a)

the social contract

b)

government by popular consent

c)

the natural goodness of people

d)

the rights of women

36.

A social gathering for intellectuals and artists, often hosted by wealthy Parisian woman.

a)

Salon

b)

Convention

c)

Party

d)

University

37.

A type of social critic in France who believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life.

a)

Philosophe

b)

Scientist

c)

Priest

d)

Monk

38.

The document in which American colonists asserted their right to free themselves from British rule.

a)

Declaration of Independence

b)

Constitution

c)

Bill of Rights

d)

Social Contract

39.

An intellectual movement in the 18th century that stressed the power of individuals to solve problems.

a)

Empirism

b)

Enlightenment

c)

Rococo

d)

Observation

40.

Thomas Hobbes published his book, Leviathan, in 1651. He argued that people were cruel, greedy, and selfish, causing life to be unpleasant, poor, and short. What was the foundation of Thomas Hobbes’s social contract?

a)

Only a laissez-faire government could produce an orderly society.

b)

Only a government that protected natural rights could produce an orderly society.

c)

Only a powerful government, such as an absolute monarchy, could produce an orderly society.

d)

Only a weak government, such as one headed by an enlightened despot, could produce an orderly society.

41.

Being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.”

― John Locke, Second Treatise of Government

What document John Locke’s view of natural rights directly influences?

a)

the Magna Carta

b)

the Petition of Right

c)

the United States Sentiments

d)

the Declaration of Independence

42.

What was the "social contract," according to Rousseau?

a)

The concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by the general will & all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community.

b)

The right of children to leave their parents' family and move to Yukon.

c)

The concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone.

d)

An artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, & gentle action.

43.

What were the salons in the Enlightenment?

a)

The elegant drawing rooms where elites gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes.

b)

The new businesses where women could have their hair styled & nails polished.

c)

The art galleries of the 18th century, where the latest art work was displayed for all to see.

44.
Locke believed that people enjoyed certain basic rights under natural law: 
a)
life, liberty, and property
b)
life, liberty, and the pursuit of hapinness 
c)
life, liberty, and privacy
d)
life, liberty, and people
45.
Which enlightenment thinker believed that a government is needed to keep order?
a)
Voltaire
b)
Hobbes
c)
Rousseau
d)
Beccaria
46.
Thomas Hobbes believed that all humans are _______________.
a)
pure and innocent
b)
selfish and wicked
47.
Who believed that a person's punishment should match the seriousness of the crime?
a)
Wollstonecraft
b)
Rousseau
c)
Locke
d)
Beccaria
48.
In a state of nature, people will often be considerate of others.
a)
Hobbes
b)
Locke
49.

Why were American colonist upset with the British

a)

Stamp Act

b)

Taxation without representation

c)

Tea Tax

d)

All of the above

50.

“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. “ belongs to:

a)

Thomas Hobbes

b)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

c)

John Locke

d)

Baron de Montesquieu

51.

A government in which citizens vote directly on laws and has majority rule is called ____.

a)

Republic

b)

Monarchy

c)

Constitutional Monarchy

d)

Direct Democracy

52.

Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on _____.

a)

The experiences of past civilizations

b)

Experimentation and Observation

c)

The Teachings of the Catholic Church

d)

Emotions and feelings

53.

Voltaire is most commonly known as a supporter for which idea during the Enlightenment?

a)

Natural Rights

b)

Slavery

c)

Free Speech

d)

Checks and Balances

54.

What would be John Locke's ideal form of government?

a)

A republic with consent of the governed

b)

Absolute monarchy and Leviathan

c)

Constitutional monarchy and separation of powers

d)

Direct democracy

55.

What would be Thomas Hobbe's ideal form of government?

a)

Democracy with consent of the governed

b)

Absolute monarchy and Leviathan

c)

Constitutional monarchy and freedom of speech

56.

What would be Mary Wollstonecraft's ideal form of government?

a)

Absolute monarchy and Leviathan

b)

Democracy with women's rights

c)

Constitutional monarchy and separation of powers

57.

What would be Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideal form of government?

a)

Democracy with Direct Democracy

b)

Constitutional monarchy and separation of powers

c)

Absolute monarchy and Leviathan

58.

Thought that people should make a contract with each other to follow the will of the majority:

a)

Thomas Hobbes

b)

John Locke

c)

Baron de Montesquieu

d)

Voltaire

e)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

59.

Credited with saying, "I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it."

a)

Thomas Hobbes

b)

John Locke

c)

Baron de Montesquieu

d)

Voltaire

e)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

60.

The ideas of the Enlightenment challenged the long-term assumptions about sovereignty and instead proposed that:

a)

governments are bound to the will of the people.

b)

true government stems from religious authority.

c)

the best form of government is a direct democracy.

d)

all government is inherently unjust. Humans are better off living in a state of nature.

61.
The French Revolution began in 
a)
1776
b)
1789
c)
1876
d)
1798
62.
France was deep in debt because
a)
money spent on the American Revolution
b)
the queen's lavish spending
c)
the 1st and 2nd estates did not pay taxes
d)
all of the above
63.
Who were the Jacobins?
a)
A Radical Group.
b)
A Conservative Group.
c)
People loyal to King Louis XVI.
d)
Members of the 1st Estate
64.
What was the Reign of Terror? 
a)
Peasants storm a prison. Beginning of the French Revolution.
b)
A group that ruled France. 
c)
Time during French Rev. of mass executions of enemies of Rev
d)
A period of happiness and security. 
65.
What was the purpose of the Tennis Court Oath?
a)
To raise taxes of the the Third Estate
b)
Write a constitution for France and limit the king's power
c)
To make plans to storm the Bastille
66.
What is the significance of the Tennis Court Oath?
a)
it led to a new constitution for France
b)
it started the French Revolution
c)
it was the beginning of the Reign of Terror
d)
it marked the beginning of the rule of Napoleon
67.

Radical political club during the French Revolution that wanted to remove the king and establish a republic. Both middle class men and women joined.

a)

Sans-Cullotes

b)

Radicals

c)

Emigres

d)

Jacobins

68.

A committee established during the French Revolution to identify "enemies of the republic."

a)

Committee of Public Safety

b)

National Assembly

c)

Legislative Assembly

d)

Estates General

69.
Why did the Parisian women march on Versailles in 1789?
a)
Find guns
b)
Right to vote
c)
Work conditions
d)
Price of Bread
70.

“General Famine and General Winter, rather than Russian bullets, have conquered the Grand Army.”—French general Michel Ney


What was an immediate result of the event described in the above quotation?

a)

Napoleon surrendered and was sent into exile.

b)

The French monarchy was restored to power.

c)

Napoleon abdicated his throne

d)

Napoleon established the Continental System.

71.

Bankers, doctors, lawyers, and merchants were members of the _____, or French middle class.

a)

Robespierre

b)

Napoleonic Code

c)

bourgeoisie

d)

Louis XVI

72.

What was one long-term impact of the French Revolution?

a)

The American colonies were inspired to declare their independence from England.

b)

The bourgeoisie lost all of their political power.

c)

The Third Estate had the largest tax burden.

d)

The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity were spread throughout Europe.

73.

What radical group of revolutionaries made up the majority of the National Convention?

a)

the Nobility

b)

the Robespierres

c)

the Jacobins

d)

the Whigs

74.

This 19th Century-ism appeals to the Bourgeois (professional class). Buzzwords would include Liberty, Constitution, Natural Rights, laissez faire, Choice, Equality, reform, individualism, progress.

a)

Conservatism

b)

Liberalism

c)

Romanticism

d)

Socialism

75.

This 19th Century-ism appeals to the Aristocracy / Landed Gentry. Buzzwords are tradition, old order, institutions, privileges. Proponents would Edmund Burke and Metternich.

a)

Conservatism

b)

Liberalism

c)

Romanticism

d)

Socialism

76.
Nationalism is....
a)
The belief that one should be loyal to the ruler of a country.
b)
The belief that one should be loyal to the country, not the ruler.
c)
The process of uniting separate areas into one country.
d)
The process of gaining new colonies.
77.
What happened at the Congress of Vienna?
a)
World Powers met to execute Napoleon.
b)
Napoleon decided to invade Russia.
c)
European Nations met to sign a new constitution.
d)
European Powers met to re-establish the balance of power after Napoleon.
78.

Nationalism was a force that

a)

tore apart centuries-old empires

b)

gave rise to the nation-state

c)

was opposed by conservatives

d)

all of the above

79.

A person who argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe (or anywhere) was a supporter of which ideology?

a)

Conservatism

b)

Radicalism

c)

Liberalism

d)

Nationalism

80.

A supporter of this ideology wanted more power to parliamentary (or democratic) governments, wanted to expand suffrage (the right to vote), and equality for all.

a)

Liberalism

b)

Conservatism

c)

Radicalism

d)

Nationalism

81.

Which types of people supported conservatism during the 19th century? Choose all that apply.

a)

Wealthy property owners

b)

Former revolutionaries

c)

Women and slaves

d)

Members of the nobility

e)

Absolute monarchs

82.
What is Nationalism?
a)
A sense of unity based upon shared characteristics: language, culture, religion, and geography
b)
Advocates legitimate, tradition government in order to preserve the status quo
c)
Advocates limited government in order to protect individual liberties
83.

The Congress of Vienna -

a)

reclaimed American colonies

b)

redrew the map of Europe

c)

redrew the map of America

d)

reclaimed African colonies

84.

What political philosophies emerged after the Congress of Vienna?

a)

liberalism

b)

communism

c)

nationalism

d)

conservatism

85.

Which Austrian diplomat exerted such an influence over European politics that the era of 1815 to 1848 is named after him?

a)

Talleyrand

b)

Castlereagh

c)

Metternich

d)

Bismarck

86.

What was a loose alliance made up of Prussia, Austria, and 37 other German states which were put under Austrian leadership?

a)

Confederate States of America

b)

Austro-Hungarian Confederacy

c)

Reichert's Confederacy

d)

Confederation of German States

87.
After his initial defeat, Napoleon was exiled to the island of ______; his second exile was to the island of _________.
a)
St. Helena; Elba
b)
Elba; Corsica
c)
Elba; St. Helena
d)
Corsica; St. Helena
88.

Which country in 1811 viewed Napoleon’s Empire as a threat and withdrew from Napoleon’s Continental System?

a)

Prussia

b)

Spain

c)

Russian Empire

d)

United States

89.

In this map, how are countries such as Prussia & Austria labeled?

a)

As directly-ruled parts of the French Empire

b)

As indirectly-ruled "dependent states"

c)

As forced allies of Napoleon

90.

On this map, which great power is shown in green (& split into two parts)?

a)

Prussia

b)

France

c)

Austria

d)

Russia

91.

Which of these countries were "dependent states" ruled by Napoleon's relatives?

a)

Spain

b)

Britain

c)

City of Rome

d)

Austrian Empire

92.
Before independence, Haiti was a colony of _____.
a)
Great Britain
b)
France
c)
The United States
d)
Belgium
93.

What revolution Influenced The Haitian Revolution?

a)

Industrial Revolution

b)

Russian Revolution

c)

Chinese Revolution

d)

French Revolution

94.

Why did the Haitian Revolution start?

a)

The revolution started because of slaves wanting social equality and freedom.

b)

Because of Robespierre

c)

Started in 1791

d)

Because of the important people

95.

Who was the leading general of the Haitian Revolution?

a)

Napoleon Bonaparte

b)

Jean Jacques Dessalines

c)

Hidalgo

d)

Toussaint L'Ouverture

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