writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in government or business

reform movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century that sought to improve society by applying Christian principles

community center organized at the turn of the twentieth century to provide social services to the urban poor

process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot

process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature

process by which voters can remove elected officials from office before their term ends

1913 constitutional amendment that gave Congress the authority to levy an income tax

1913 constitutional amendment that allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators by citizens

constitutional amendment banning the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol in the United States

1920 constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote

movement aimed at stopping alcohol abuse and the problems created by it

state laws passed throughout the South to enforce racial segregation of public facilities

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution

group of African American thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in education and voting practices

interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans

President Theodore Roosevelt's program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor

1906 law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the authority to set maximum shipping rates for railroads and for ferries, toll bridges, and oil pipelines

1906 law that empowered the federal government to inspect meat sold across state lines and required federal inspection of meat processing plants

1906 law that allowed federal inspection of food and medicine and banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs

President Theodore Roosevelt's plan to restore the government's trust busting power

Woodrow Wilson's program to place government controls on corporations in order to benefit small businesses

1913 law that placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which operates regional banks that hold the reserve funds from commercial banks, sets interest rates, and supervises commercial banks

government agency established in 1914 to identify monopolistic business practices, false advertising, and dishonest labeling

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

(1866–1936) was a reporter and editor for the New York Post and, later, the muckraking McClure's magazine. Steffens wrote articles and books exposing government corruption at the state and city levels.

(1849–1914) was a Danish immigrant who became a New York City newspaper reporter in 1873. Published in his 1890 book, How the Other Half Lives

(1860–1935) co-founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago, in 1889

(1878–1968) began writing for newspapers and completed several successful novels soon after he graduated college in 1897. His most famous work, The Jungle, was published in 1906.

(1859–1932) played a major role at Hull House in calling attention to the working conditions of women and children. In 1899, she headed the newly founded National Consumers League.

(1839 - 1898) was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Willard became the national president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1879.

(1879–1966) first coined the term "birth control" in a pamphlet she published in 1914. A medical organization she founded, the Birth Control Research Bureau, evolved into Planned Parenthood in 1942

(1862–1931) was an African American journalist who worked throughout her life to end the practice of lynching in the South.

(1859–1947) was an educator before becoming involved in the women's suffrage movement in 1887.

(1820–1906) was a women's rights activist who worked toward gaining the right to vote for women.

(1885–1977) women’s rights activist; After the passage of the 19th Amendment, she expanded her work for women's rights. In 1923 she introduced the first equal rights amendment into Congress.

(1856–1915) was an African American activist dedicated to promoting educational and economic advancement for African Americans as a road to racial equality.

(1868–1963) was an African American civil rights activist who advocated steps to create immediate legal, social, and political equality for African Americans.

(1887–1940) was a charismatic leader who organized a black nationalist movement in Harlem during the 1920s. He promoted economic and cultural independence for African Americans.

(1858–1919) was governor of New York before becoming Vice President in 1901. He became the youngest man to assume the presidency soon after. He was known for his anti-monopoly and conservation policies.

(1857–1930) was the 27th president of the United States from 1909 to 1913.

(1856–1924) entered politics in 1910; his reforms there brought him national attention and the Democratic presidential nomination in 1912. As President, he guided the nation through World War I and negotiated the Versailles Treaty.