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WorksheetsEndocrine Part 3
Total questions: 37
Worksheet time: 22mins
•This is also a thyroid hormone- for bones
Calcitonin
T3
T4
TSH
Function of Calcitonin (Remember it TONEs)
osteoclast inhibition, osteoblast stimulation
osteoclast stimulation , osteoblast inhibition
What hormone is an antagonist to Parathyroid Hormone?
Calcitonin
Calcitriol
Calcium
Where is the location of the parathyroid glands?
posterior thyroid gland (piggy horseback)
anterior thyroid gland (piggy horseback)
posterior thymus gland (piggy horseback)
What are the cells that release calcitonin called? choose all that apply
C Cells
Parafollicular cells
Follicular
T Cells
Name the endocrine gland
•Small round tissue, usually four in total, two on the left thyroid lobe and two on the right
parathyroid
thymus
adrenals
pineal
In the Parathyroid Gland Epithelial cells called ________ produce PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
principal cells
vice principal cells
autocratic cells
c cells
Parathyroid gland causes increased osteoclasts. What is the result?
–Causes bone destruction
•This causes calcium to be released into the blood
–Decreases kidney excretion of calcium into the urine
•This increased calcium retained in the blood
Parathyroid gland has Effects on kidneys function. What are they?
–Causes bone destruction
•This causes calcium to be released into the blood
–Decreases kidney excretion of calcium into the urine
•This increased calcium retained in the blood
–Kidneys release the hormone CALCITRIOL (CAL-sih-TRY-ol) which is active Vitamin D
•This increases Calcium into the blood by increased absorption of calcium from the GI tract
•Sunlight produces ______ in our skin
Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Vitamin B12
•Vitamin D from sunlight (in this form (CALCITRIOL)) is really a hormone for mobilizing calcium from
•the tissue into the blood
•the urine into the blood
Why does sunbathing cause you to relax?
Calcium is a natural sedative
You are hot so you get sleepy
Calcium is an anticonvulsant
–Increased sunlight could cause __________ in tissues, fever blister could result from decrease tissue calcium
Calcium deficiency
Calcium deposition
Parathyroid Disorders:
-excess PTH secretion usually due to a tumor
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Pseudo Hypoparathyroidism
This parathyroid disorder causes:
•Results in Hypercalcemia: elevated calcium blood levels and low tissue calcium levels
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
•Symptoms for Hyperparathyroidism include: "Stones, Bones, Groans, and Moans".
What does the stones refer to?
refers to kidney stones due to calcium oxalate stones forming
refers to bone-related complications like soft, fragile and deformed bones giving symptoms of aching in the joints
blood Ca+2 causes less tissue Ca+2 so abdominal GROANS due to constipation (less motility since calcium needed for contractions/peristalsis)
–refers to a confused mental state.
•Symptoms for Hyperparathyroidism include: "Stones, Bones, Groans, and Moans".
What does the Bones refer to?
refers to kidney stones due to calcium oxalate stones forming
refers to bone-related complications like soft, fragile and deformed bones giving symptoms of aching in the joints
blood Ca+2 causes less tissue Ca+2 so abdominal GROANS due to constipation (less motility since calcium needed for contractions/peristalsis)
–refers to a confused mental state.
•Symptoms for Hyperparathyroidism include: "Stones, Bones, Groans, and Moans".
What does the Groans refer to?
refers to kidney stones due to calcium oxalate stones forming
refers to bone-related complications like soft, fragile and deformed bones giving symptoms of aching in the joints
blood Ca+2 causes less tissue Ca+2 so abdominal GROANS due to constipation (less motility since calcium needed for contractions/peristalsis)
–refers to a confused mental state.
•Symptoms for Hyperparathyroidism include: "Stones, Bones, Groans, and Moans".
What does the Moans refer to?
refers to kidney stones due to calcium oxalate stones forming
refers to bone-related complications like soft, fragile and deformed bones giving symptoms of aching in the joints
blood Ca+2 causes less tissue Ca+2 so abdominal GROANS due to constipation (less motility since calcium needed for contractions/peristalsis)
–refers to a confused mental state.
Hypoparathyroidism is usually due to surgical excision during thyroid surgery, which can result in fatal tetany 3-4 days. WHY?
Hypoparathyroid causes hypocalcemia, this decrease calcium of the blood causes the nerves to be hyperexcited. This hyperexcitation causes increased muscle contraction. Usually, calcium helps nerve transmission by taking away negative ions from outside the cell but if Ca++ is too high then the outside of the cell gets to + and this causes the sodium channels to stay open longer thus increasing the nerve excitation.
XX
look at other causes of hypocalcemia
•These glands are located On top of the kidneys (renal) so we call the ______ the suprarenal glands
adrenals
thyroid
parathyroid
thymus
Adrenal cortex hormones are essential for life. Why?
–Without adrenocortical hormones death is caused by dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
–Without adrenocortical hormones death is caused by super hydration and electrolyte imbalance
Two main layers of the adrenal glands?
Medulla and Cortex
Zona Reticularis
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
What are the three zone of the adrenal cortex?
Medulla and Cortex
Zona Reticularis
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
What are the three zone of the adrenal cortex?
Medulla and Cortex
Zona Reticularis
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
This layer of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine, norepinephrine via what cells?
Chromaffin Cells
C Cells
T Cells
Alpha Cells
–regulate electrolyte balance
–aldosterone stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion, water is retained with sodium by osmosis, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained
•1. Mineralocorticoids – zona glomerulosa
•2. Glucocorticoids – zona fasciculata
•3. Sex steroids – zona reticularis
•Adrenal medulla hormones
–anti-inflammatory effect becomes immune suppression with long-term use
–regulate metabolism of glucose and other fuels
–especially cortisol, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis (glucose from amino acids and fatty acids) and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood
–helps body adapt to stress and repair tissues
•1. Mineralocorticoids – zona glomerulosa
•2. Glucocorticoids – zona fasciculata
•3. Sex steroids – zona reticularis
•Adrenal medulla hormones
–androgens – sets libido throughout life; large role in prenatal male development (includes DHEA which other tissues convert to testosterone)
•1. Mineralocorticoids – zona glomerulosa
•2. Glucocorticoids – zona fasciculata
•3. Sex steroids – zona reticularis
•Adrenal medulla hormones
–Epinephrine, norepinephrine are hormones belonging to
•1. Mineralocorticoids – zona glomerulosa
•2. Glucocorticoids – zona fasciculata
•3. Sex steroids – zona reticularis
•Adrenal medulla hormones
Hyperadrenalism- principally too much cortisol, tumor or use of drugs like steroids
Cushings
Addisons
Cretinism
•Hypoadrenalism- autoimmune destruction of cortex, Signs = extreme fatigue, excessive skin pigmentation especially at folds of skin (a suntan with out sun bathing)
Cushings
Addisons
–Cortisone treatment causes the Lazarus effect, instant recovery (in this disease)
–Remember this disease decreases hormones so we need to ADD some.
Addisons
Cushings
•tumor of medulla, that causes a prolonged “fight or flight response” is called
Pheochromocytoma
Thymoma
Thyroid Carcinoma
Pituitary Adenoma
• waist 40”, <40 HDL, subclinical, tissues are insulin resistant puts strain on adrenals is a syndrome known as
Syndrome X or METABOLIC SYNDROME!!!
XX
45 year old female presents to office with complaints of having –Moon facies and a large posterior neck fat pad (buffalo hump) deposition between shoulders. She has a 20 year history of prednisone use for an unspecified autoimmune disease. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Cushings
Addisons
Graves
Hashimotos
