BERT stands for:

It is important to modify technical factors for exams on children. Risk is approx. ___ higher for children than adults.

What are the 3 cardinal rules of radiation protection?

Which type of radiation has a lower frequency?

Alpha Particles are most dangerous:

Essentially all effects of low-LET radiation impacts a living cell result from:

What is the largest contributor to background radiation?

What is the largest source of exposure to man-made ionizing radiation?

Select all that are true for an ION

Which is NOT true of a Radical?

Cancer and genetic effects are examples of ______ effects.

"Linear non-threshold curve" implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is ____the dose.

Which of the following tissues contain cells that do not divide?

Which of the following devices contains an aluminum oxide detector?

Some consequences of ionization in human cells include:

For a lead apron, ____lead equivalent is the most widely used and recommended in diagnostic imaging.

For a thyroid shield, ____lead equivalent is recommended in diagnostic imaging.

Protective gloves must be ______ lead equivalent.

Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the OSL dosimeter. These filters are made of:

Protective eyeglasses with optically clear lenses should contain a minimal lead equivalent protection of:

Select all that minimize dose:

To minimize dose to a pregnant patient, what is the first step:

Reduction in dose can be achieved by:

Factors that influence extend of injury form ionizing radiation are:

Target Theory is essentially the idea that the cell dies if inactivation of the master molecule occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.

Examples of late biologic damage are:

As radiation dose increases, severity of early effects:

Which of the following are classified as early somatic effects of ionizing radiation?

If a threshold relationship exists between a radiation dose and a biologic response, even the smallest dose of ionizing radiation will have some biologic effect on a living organism.

Which of the following takes into account the potential variation in biological harm that is produced by different kinds of radiation?

Radiation-induced cataracts do not possess a threshold dose

Which of the following radiation quantities accounts for some biologic tissues being more sensitive to radiation than other tissues?

Cancer and genetic effects are examples of stochastic effects that have a threshold

According to the law of B and T, the most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells having the:

Radiation from the primary beam poses the greatest occupational hazard in diagnostic radiology.

According to SC35 the effective dose limit of occupational exposure during the remainder of a pregnancy is:

For pediatric patients, a 25% decrease in peak kilovoltage is required, depending on part thickness.

Scheduling radiographers to assigned areas in a rotational pattern uses time as a means of radiation protection.

Which of the following radiation sources is the control booth barrier NOT intended to intercept?

Gonadal shielding should be used to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam:

Pediatric patients require special consideration and appropriate radiation protection procedures because they are more vulnerable to:

A technologist should provide a personal opinion regarding medical treatment or diagnosis to a patient

There are firm dose limits for the amount of radiation patients may receive for each imaging procedure

How is the risk of damaging healthy biologic tissue during an x-ray exam minimized?

What stage of acute radiation syndrome occurs when outward symptoms disappear?

True or False: Gonadal shielding is the primary method of shielding your patient from unnecessary dose

A req for an abdomen has been requested by the emergency doctor on a 5-year-old child. The technologist goes onto PACS and notices that a abdomen x-ray for the same reasoning was done 1 hour prior in a different town, what should the technologist do?

At what minimal distance sould the radiographer stand to get the least amount of exposure during mobile radiography?

What is the estimated lethal dose for humans?

An x-ray exposure of 200 mR is recorded at a distance of 36 inches. If the technical factors remain the same and a distance of 72 inches is used, what will the new exposure be? Use inverse square law formula: I₁/I₂ = (D₂)²/(D₁)²

All of the following are methods that can be used to reduce repeat x-rays EXCEPT:

True or False: Oxygenated cells receive less damage from low LET radiation.

All of the following are syndromes of acute radiation syndrome EXCEPT:

True or False: If restraint by a person is necessary for an examination, the radiographer should hold the patient

If a technologist initially set a technique of 80 kVp and 20 mAs but wanted to decrease the patient exposure, while maintaining image density, what would be the new kVp and mAs?

Which of the following are effects upon the body that was irradiated?

What is the major type of late somatic effects?

A patient presents with minor complaints and insists something must be done. The physician orders an x-ray as a placebo. The problem with this is:

Radiation can come in 2 forms: subatomic particles and electromagnetic waves

How is non-ionizing radiation different from ionizing radiation?

Absorption of radiation causes more damage to an organic molecule in the absence of oxygen

When ___ cells are irradiated, the damage appears in the irradiated individual.

_____ action is more likely to occur after exposure to high-LET radiation.

Alpha particles are an example of ___ radiation.

____ radiation causes few ionizations over a long distance.

What are the primary 2 substances that produce biologic damage directly after  radiation interacts with water?

Select all that are true about nucleic acids.

What type of chromosome damage appears in the image?

Following irradiating, the following occurs. Which type of DNA damage is present in the image?

Normally, humans have ___pairs of chromosomes in each somatic cell.

What are considered the 'basic units of heredity'?

DNA stands for:

Select purine nitrogenous bases.

Students follow the same dose limits as which group?

The annual whole body dose limit for radiation workers is:

Radiation workers who are likely to risk receiving ___% or more of the annual occupational EfD limit of 20mSv in any single year are required to be issued a dosimeter

Biologic tissue is less sensitive to radiation when it is exposed under oxygenated conditions

RBE stands for:

This type of dosimeter uses lithium fluoride crystals as the detecting material

This type of personnel dosimeter is read by a laser light and can undergo re-analysis to confirm radiation exposure received

When ___ cells are irradiated, the damage appears in the irradiated individual.

Hematopoietic Syndrome occurs when dose to ionizing radiation falls between what range?

Which is the most sensitive vital organ system?

A high pitch, such as a pitch of >1, results in higher patient dose.

Select all that are symptoms of early tissue reactions

Early tissue reactions occur within ____of exposure.

As dose increases, severity of early somatic effects _____.

A dose of 0.5-1Gy will have which effect on lymphocytes?

The window of maximum sensitivity of nerve cells in an embryo-fetus is:

A dose of ___Gy may cause temporary sterility in males and females

Epithelial cells are considered radiosensitive....T or F

What is the threshold for Gastrointestinal Syndrome?

What dose is required in order for Cerebrovascular Syndrome to occur?

Death occurs within a few hours to 2-3 days after exposure with Gastrointestinal Syndrome (T or F)

A period of calm where symptoms are not visible is known as the ____response stage of ARS

What impact does filtration have on patient dose?

Which syndrome of ARS do the following symptoms indicate? Shock, lethargy, seizure, ataxia, agitation, and cranial vault edema.

Individuals usually die within 3-10 days after exposure in this particular syndrome.

The threshold dose for hematopoietic syndrome is 2Gy

LD 50/60 indicates lethal dose_____.

Oxygenated cells repair themselves more efficiently than hypoxic cells

What types of effects are presumed to follow the non- threshold linear quadratic dose response curve?

10% of radiation induced damage is irreparable

What is the first step in the protection of reproductive organs?

Periodic blood counts are still used to monitor occupational dose received by radiation workers

ARS is what type of effect?

Late effects are the greatest concern when regarding what type of radiation?

Select all that are types of late non-stochastic/tissue reactions

What types of effects are presumed to follow the non-linear threshold dose response curve?

Stochastic means that biological effect increases in severity as the dose increases

A common radiation related injury of radium watch-dial painters was:

How long after irradiation does it take for late effects to show?

What effect does an increase of kVp by 15% have on the exposure?

Which formula should be used to calculate the change in mAs required whenever SID needs to be changed, if you do not want an associated decrease in density?

What effect does an increase in filtration have on patient dose?

True or False: Computer processing can produce acceptable images even when the image is infact significantly overexposed

If the source-to-object distance increases, what effect will this have on patient dose?

Increasing kVp will have what effect on patient dose?

Select all that are true about the Inverse Square Law is correct?

Where does leakage radiation emerge from?

Where is a primary protective barrier located?

What are the walls that are not in the direct line of travel of the primary beam classified as?

What thickness of lead is required for secondary barriers?

X-rays should scatter a minimum of how many times before reaching the area behind the control panel?

What is the first step that should be taken to protect a patient from unnecessary dose?

1mm lead contact shield reduces male gonadal exposure by how much?

What landmark should be used when placing a male contact shield?

What is the proper lead equivalency for lead gloves?

If death occurs following exposure to radiation, the cause is usually:

. 

What distance should the radiographer stand from the patient and x-ray tube during an exposure?

It is permissible for the radiographer to stand in the useful beam only when restraining a patient.

What type of radiation poses the greatest occupational hazard in radiology?

Select the benefit of a repeat analysis program.

What is the ideal number of lead shields that should be assigned to a portable?

What is the lead equivalent required for the protective lead curtain on a fluoroscopic unit?

What arrangement of a portable fluoro unit (C-arm) results in lowest dose to patient and personnel?

What is the correct definition of pitch?

On average, children require what change to technical factors during an x-ray exam?