2. A mixture with a sufficiently low ratio of water to cement plus entrained air, if specified, is the most desirable.

3. Portland cement was named to a person who live in the isle of Portland, a peninsula in the English channel where it was first produced in the 1800’s.

4. Concrete must have continous free access to water to achieve its ultimate strength.

5. Too much water will weaken concrete after curing.

6. Based on Abram’s Law (D.A. Abram 1919) the compressive strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the ratio of water to cement.

7. Average water cement ratio is 24 liters per 50 kg of cement bag.

8. Concrete after 14 days of curing has completed only 40 % of it potential strength. When it is 28 days it has attained its 70 % potential strength.

9. Temperature affects the curing process. The higher the temperature the faster the curing.

10. Granite is non porous, hard, strong, durable, color at different colors and surface textures, its primary use is for finishing.

11. Limestone are sedimentary rock composed of calcite and dolomite. It has high compressive strength, used for building stones and for paneling.

12. Brick is made of clay or shale formed, dried and fired into a durable ceramic product.

13 . Too much evaporation during the curing process does not lead to surface cracking of concrete.

14. The process of shotcrete for lightweight construction, where concrete mix is pumped through a hose and sprayed at high velocity over reinforcement until desired thickness is reached.

15. The porosity of stones in 24 hours water absorption of stones by volume of granite, its water absorption in percentage is not greater than one.

16. Brick masonry done by embedding reinforcement in rich cement mortar is called reinforced brick masonry.

17. Bituminous Surface Dressing (BSD) is provided over an existing bituminous or granular surface to serve as thin weaving coat. This may be one coat or two coats. Which serve as a thin weaving course of pavement, preventing infiltration of surface water.

18. The lack of wood or bark due to any cause on edge or corner of piece is called wane.

19. When timber is first felled, it is known as green lumber and has a very high moisture content of approximately 50%.

20. Improper seasoning is not effected of any of these defects, splitting, shrinkage, and warping.

21. Ferrous metal, a metal containing carbon as a primary material. Examples are iron, cast iron, steel, stainless steel, and wrought iron.

22. Non Ferrous Metal contains little or no iron. Examples are aluminum, bronze, brass, copper, and lead.

23. Galvanized iron is another form of ferrous metal, its application, it is being utilized for several purposes for metal decking, roofing and accessories, ceiling framing, wall framing, piping.

24. Carbon steel is another form of non ferrous metals, its applications are, it is being utilized for several purposes. For structural steel, I beam, channels, angles, plates, pipes and tubing.

25. Copper is ductile, malleable and bright reddish brown color with high thermal and conductivity. It is also used for electrical works.

26. Steel is a high strength. Its ingredients has iron with a touch of carbon. One of the strongest materials used in construction, strong in compression and tension. It is weak in extremely high temperature.

27. Wood is cheap, lightweight and moderately strong in compression and tension. Woods rots easily.

28. Method of transporting concrete on site is through the aide of transit mixed concrete, is dry batch at a batch plant and mixed at the truck mixer en route to construction site.

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29. Metamorphic rocks has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure, especially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline, as marble and slate.

30. Grout or slurry, is a thin paste of cement used for plastering.