WorksheetsBiology Midterm Review F'21
Total questions: 56
Worksheet time: 43mins
The production of pink flowered plants from a cross between a red flowered plant and a white flowered plant is an example of
multiple alleles
complete dominance
incomplete dominance
codominance
All of the following are effects of crossing over of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis with the EXCEPTION of
increased genetic variety.
increased number of chromosomes in the offspring.
the appearance of new phenotypes in the offspring
possible harmful mutations from cross-over errors
During the early stages of meiosis, two chromosomes in a homologous pair may exchange segments, producing genetic variation in sex cells. This process of exchange is called
transcription
crossing over
nondisjunction
genetic shuffling
Start with the P generation with the following genotypes (AA x aa). Based on classical Mendelian inheritance, how will a cross between two homozygous parents, one dominant and one recessive, influence future generations?
The F1 generation will show an even split between the dominant phenotype and the recessive phenotype
The F1 generation will all show the dominant trait and future crosses will continue to produce genotypes expressing the dominant trait.
Although the F1 generation will all show the dominant trait, the offspring will all be heterozygous and increase chances of future variation.
The F1 generation will show a mix of the dominant phenotype and recessive phenotype and over generations the recessive trait will increase in number.
Which statement is true for asexual reproduction?
Genetic information from two parents is copied and passed on to form offspring with new genetic information.
Genetic information from a single parent is copied and passed on to form offspring with new genetic information.
Genetic information from two parents is copied and passed on to form offspring with identical genetic information.
Genetic information from a single parent is copied and passed on to form offspring with the same genetic information.
You look out over a field of sunflowers. A farmer has grown the sunflowers to harvest and sell the seeds. Some of the sunflowers are tall; some short. Some of the flowers are bright yellow; others more multicolored. Some heads are full of seeds; some are not full.
How were these sunflowers most likely produced?
Sexually with seeds
Asexually with seeds
Asexually using cuttings of the stem
Sexually using tissue culture in the lab
Aa x AA
Complete the genetic cross for absent-mindedness, which is a dominant trait. All of the offspring from this cross will be absent-minded. If two parents that are absent-minded have offspring that are not, what MUST be the genotypes of the parents?
aa x aa
Aa x Aa
Aa x aa
Aa x AA
Translation and protein synthesis is occurring at the ribosome. If the tRNA anticodon being matched at the ribosome is AUG, what would be the matching mRNA codon?
AUG
TAC
TAG
UAC
During meiosis chromosomes move randomly to separate poles. A human gamete will end up with 23 chromosomes after meiosis, but ________________ assures that each gamete will have one of many different combinations of chromosomes.
law of dominance
meiotic divisions
reduction division
independent assortment
While conducting experiments with E. coli, Meselson and Stahl established that during DNA replication, each of the two strands that compose the double helix were used as a template for the new strands of DNA. The scientists described the replication method as semi-conservative. Explain what this means in terms of DNA replication.
The two original DNA strands, the parental strands, woulde-be used as templates to synthesize new strands.
After base pairing, both copies of the new DNA molecules would be a mix of alternating segments of old and new DNA.
Base pairing would result in two double-stranded DNA molecules that would include one parental or old strand and one daughter or new strand.
The two newly-synthesized strands, the daughter strands, would base pair with each other; one to form one all-old strand and one all-new strand.
Which type of molecule makes up the double layer of a cell membrane?
carbohydrate
lipid
nucleic acid
protein
Living cells use ____________ as their main source of energy.
carbohydrates
lipids
cellulose
proteins
What is the correct description of the relationship between osmosis and diffusion?
Diffusion is a type of osmosis that occurs across a cell membrane.
Osmosis is a type of diffusion that occurs across a cell membrane.
Osmosis is a type of diffusion that requires energy on the part of the cell, whereas diffusion happens freely.
Osmosis is not directly related to diffusion. Osmosis involves the movement of liquids. Diffusion involves movement of gases.
We would expect cells found in the active muscles of animals to contain relatively large amounts of which cellular organelle?
centrioles
mitochondria
lysosome
nuclei
The central vacuole in a plant cell is responsible for turgor pressure. When the vacuole loses water, the cytoplasm shrinks. When the vacuole gains water, the cytoplasm seems to swell up. One structure helps the plant cell keep its shape no matter how much force water is creating in the vacuole. This is the-
cell wall
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
cell membrane
Both aerobic cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation produce ATP, though in different amounts. These two ATP-producing processes have some major differences as well as some similarities. What do aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation have IN COMMON?
They produce a sour taste.
ATP production begins with glucose.
They require an electron transport system.
Pyruvate serves as the final electron acceptor.
The cell membrane forms a protective barrier between the external and internal environments. It is referred to as ___________________, because it allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks other substances from crossing into the cell.
impermeable
a fluid mosaic
a plasma membrane
selectively permeable
Which of these CORRECTLY explains one difference between the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?
The Krebs cycle occurs only in the chloroplast.
Glycolysis takes place only in the mitochondria.
The Calvin cycle takes place only in the chloroplast.
The electron transport chain happens only in the mitochondria.
Some inquisitive students found two slugs and wanted to take them to science class. The only container they could find was a used potato chip bag. The students stored the slugs in the bag to take to school the next day, When the students opened the bag at school, they found that the slugs had melted and turned to slime. Explain why this happen?
The slugs had an defensive reaction to the salt, and the slime was a response to that reaction.
The salt around the slugs created a hypotonic environment, which caused water to diffuse into cells and made them undergo cytolysis.
The salt around the slugs created a hypertonic environment, which caused water to diffuse out of cells and the cells will shrink.
The salt around the slugs created an isotonic environment, which caused water to diffuse out of and into the cells which made the slugs melt.
Aerobic respiration has three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. What are the end products of the electron transport chain?
water and ATP
NADH and FADH2
oxygen and glucose
hydrogen ions and oxygen
Spartina, shown here, is a plant that grows along the South Carolina coast. Its roots are often submerged in brackish water (mixture of fresh and salt water) as the tide rolls in and out along the shore. The spartina plant is considered a halophyte, since it can survive in saltwater conditions that would normally have a salinity that would prevent plant growth. Select which question best addresses the ability of spartina to survive and thrive along the South Carolina coast?
Does spartina reproduce sexually, asexually, or both?
How does spartina obtain nutrients from soils that are submerged in water?
How does spartina perform photosynthesis with roots that are not exposed to solar energy?
How does spartina control the loss of water to a hypertonic environment to avoid dehydration?
Mitochondria are observed in plant cells that contain chloroplasts. Why do you find mitochondria in photosynthetic tissue?
Mitochondria are not needed but are an evolutionary relic.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts work together to use light energy to make sugars.
Mitochondria participate in the Calvin cycle/light independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Mitochondria are required to break down sugars and other materials for energy.
Due to Mendel's law of segregation
homologous chromosomes pair up and cross over during prophase 1 of meiosis
alleles belonging to the same gene will never end up in the same gamete during mitosis
alleles belonging to the same gene will never end up in the same gamete during meiosis
genes located on non-homologous chromosomes sort independently of one another during the formation of gametes
Which compound is a reusable, complex protein that speeds up chemical reactions?
starch
a sugar
a lipid
an enzyme
All of the statements EXCEPT one are true about mutations. Which statement is false?
Mutations must be present in parents and then passed to offspring.
Mutations can be positive and produce organisms with improved traits.
Mutations can be fatal to the organism that has a mutation, if the mutation is in a critical gene.
Mutations can be silent, and not affect the organism that has them, if the mutation is in a non-critical area.
Gene therapy, which includes the correction of defective genes, is a significant part of the human genome project. Which of these is an application of the technique?
A new protein, which can repair defective genes, is injected.
Mutated DNA sequences, which can pair with existing genes, are introduced.
The DNA sequences of the entire genomes of disease-causing microbes are compared.
A new gene, which codes for the protein that can repair defective genes, is introduced.
For over a decade, farmers in the U.S. have been planting genetically modified crops. An example of one of these crops is corn that is resistant to weed-killer. This makes it so that no corn is lost due to contact with herbicide meant to kill weeds.
While this is seen by many as a positive development, others see it as a cause for concern. What is one possible negative side effect of planting genetically modified corn?
Genetically modified corn, as well as other plants, is unnatural.
Corn will replace wheat and other crops as our main source of carbohydrates.
Plants with modified genomes may have a predictable impact on the environment.
Plants with modified genomes may have an unforeseen impact on the environment.
The process of DNA replication occurs just before ______________.
cytokinesis
replication
mitosis
nucleosynthesis
In rabbits, the allele for black fur, B, is dominant over the allele for brown fur, b.
Calculate the probability of a homozygous dominant (BB) offspring resulting from a cross between two parents with the genotype Bb.
1/100
1/2
1/4
7/10
Which is an ADVANTAGE of sexual reproduction?
Two parents are required.
Only one parent is required.
It leads to genetically diverse offspring.
It leads to genetically identical offspring.
Living organisms use osmoregulation to balance solute and water concentrations in their cells, tissues and organs. Many marine organisms have internal solute concentrations that are similar to their environment. However, this is not typically true of freshwater and terrestrial organisms.
Select what is likely to happen to the cells of a freshwater plant if placed in a marine environment?
The cells will die immediately
The cells will undergo plasmolysis
The cells will swell and become turgid.
There will be no obvious change in the plant cells
