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WorksheetsIT Exam 3
Total questions: 150
Worksheet time: 2hrs 39mins
What is the myocardium?
Muscular tissue of the heart
Muscle cells of the heart
A type of striated muscle which is different from the other type of striated muscle or smooth muscle
What is cardiac myocytes?
Muscular tissue of the heart
A type of striated muscle
Muscle cells of the heart tissue
What do cardiac myocytes consist of?
Autorhythmic cells
Contractile cells
Myocytes
Myelin cells
Which initiate/generate an action potential at a fixed rate?
Autorhythmic cells
Contractile cells
Which propagate the action potential?
Autorhythmic cells
Contractile cells
What allows T-tubules to contract more forcefully and in unison?
Ca2+ release
Mg release
NaCl release
K release
Where is Ca2+ ions stored?
Triad
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Terminal cisternae
T-tubule
Which are the low-resistance pathways that permit cell-to-cell conduction of electrical (ionic) currents?
Gap junctions
Intercalated disks
Sarcolemma reticulum
Action potential
What do gap junctions enable?
Action potential
Contractile force
Ion communication
Prolonged effects
What is the primary function of the heart?
Impart energy to the blood
Generate and sustain arterial blood pressure
Provide adequate perfusion of organs
Communicate between ion gap junctions
What are the elements of the heart?
Sino-atrial node (SAN)
Atrio-ventricular note (AVN)
Bundle of His (left and right branches)
Purkinje fibers (traverse across both ventricles)
Synaptic Atrial node (SAN)
What are the 3 stages of a heart beat?
Atrial depolarization/contraction
Ventricular depolarization/contraction
Atrial and ventricular repolarization during the filling of the respective chambers (relaxed)
Depolarization of the central chamber
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
SAN
AVN
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
What is the SAN responsible for?
Generation and propagation of action potential at a regular rate
Depolarization of action potential
Repolarization of action potential
Elimination of action potential at a regular rate
True or false: A spontaneous AP from the SAN cause the atria to expand
False
True
True or false: A spontaneous AP from the SAN cause the atria to contract
True
False
A _______ membrane potential muse be reached during depolarization before an AP will be elicted?
Threshold
Trigger
Depolarization
Steady
What two ions will flow inwards during electrical activity of cardiac myocytes?
Ca
Na
K
P
What ion will flow inward to repolarize during electrical activity in cardiac myocytes?
Na
Ca
K
Cl
Muscle contraction is associated with which ion?
K
Na
Ca
Cl
What does fast response action potential of contractile cells reflect?
Changes in ion conductances (g) when cells rapidly depol from -90 mV to a threshold of -70 mV
Changes in ion repolarization when cells rapidly repol from -80 mV to a threshold of -70 mV
What are the two alternating phases that make up the single cardiac activity?
Diastole
Systole
Systolic
Diastolic
Which pertain to systole?
contraction
emptying
relaxation
filling
Which pertain to diastole?
relaxation
filling
contraction
emptying
Which pertain to diastole?
AV valves open
Semilunar valves closed
Semilunar valves open
AV valves closed
Which pertain to systole?
Semilunar valves are open
AV valves are closed
LUB
Dub
Which describe "End Diastolic Volume (EDV)"?
Increases with preload
Filled volume at ventricle
Afterload
Volume of blood remaining in the ventricle
Which describes "End systolic volume (ESV)"?
Against variable afterload
Backpressure from arterial pressure
Volume of blood remaining in the ventricle
Increases with preload
Which describes "Stroke volume (SV)"?
Filled volume
Remaining unejected volume
Afterload
Increases with preload
Volume of blood ejected from each ventricle with each contraction
True or false: the more the ventricular muscle is stretched the stronger it will contract and increase SV
True
False
Which describes preload?
Initial stretching of the ventricular myocyte
Ability of the heart to change its force of contraction
Stroke volume in response to changes in VR
Which is VR?
Venous return
Total amount of blood that returns to the heart
Total amount of blood that returns to circulation
Increased stroke volume
Which of these ACEi prodrugs can get activated by hepatic esterase?
Benazepril
Uridopril
Enalapril
Trandopril
Quinapril
Which of these ACEi can get activated by hepatic esterase?
Ramipril
Perindopril
Moexipril
Fosinopril
Captopril
What is the ending of a ARB?
-pril
-artan
-xillin
-ssium
Which ARBs require metabolic activation hydrolysis during GI absorption?
Azilsartan medoxomil
Candesartan cilexetil
Olmesartan medoxomil
Losartan
What is the generic name of the renin inhibitor?
Aliskiren
Tekurna
Rasileze
What is the generic name of the renin inhibitor?
Aliskiren
Tekturna
Rasileze
When are RAAS contraindicated?
Pregnancy
Kidney failure
Children
Use of tobacco
What is the mechanism of action of renin inhibitor?
Inhibits the action of renin to convert angiotensin to angiotensin I
Activates the action of renin to convert angiotensin to angiotensin 1
Inhibits the action of renin to begin the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin
Which AT receptor subtype do ARBs antagonize and what is its effect?
Antagonize AT1 receptors
Activate AT1 receptors
Increase bradykinin levels
Do not increase bradykinin levels
Which is more active losartan or exp-3174?
Losartan
EXP-3174
What is the ending of an Alpha 1 antagonists?
-pril
-sartan
-zosin
-xillin
-prolol
What is the mechanism of action for alpha 1 antagonists?
Block NE from binding
Decreases MAP
Decreases stroke volume
Increases MAP
Decreases TPR
Why do Alpha 1 Antagonists cause reflex tachycardia and fluid retention?
Alpha 1 decreases MAP
SNS increases MAP
Increases Renin release
Increases heart rate
Decreases heart rate
What is a 1st generation beta adrenergic receptor antagonists?
Non selective beta 1 and beta 2
Beta-1 selective/cardio selective
Beta block and additional activity (alpha block/vasodilation)
What is a second generation beta adrenergic receptor antagonists?
Non-selective beta 1 and beta 2
beta 1-selective/cardio selective
Beta block and additional activity
What is the reason that you may see a difference in efficacy/adverse effects with Metoprolol?
Extensive metabolism by CYP2D6
Patients with poor CYP2D6
Ultra CYP2D6 metabolizer
Adverse reactions
Efficacy increased
If patients have poor CYP2D6 metabolizer what does that cause?
Greater chance of drug interactions
Lower drug efficacy
Higher drug efficacy
Lower chance of drug interactions
Patients with ultra CYP2D6 metabolizer what can it cause?
Accelerated metabolism
Greater rate of drug elimination
Higher chance of drug efficacy
Potentially lower drug efficacy
Which is a beta blocker/vasodilator?
Nebivolol
Labetalol
Metoprolol
Carvediolol
Which are mixed alpha/beta blockers?
Labetalol
Carvedilol
Nebivolol
Metoprolol
What is the mechanism of action of Labetalol and Carvedilol?
Alpha 1 receptor antagonists
Beta 1 and 2 receptor antagonists
Reduces TPR
Reduces HR
Reduces CV
What is the mechanism of action for Nebivolol?
Blocks NE and E binding at Beta 1 receptor
Stimulates eNOS
Increased levels of NO in the vascular smooth muscle
Activates sGC which converts GTP to cGMP
Causes smooth muscle relaxation
Select the non selective beta1 and b2
Propranolol
Nadolol
Atenolol
Bisoprolol
Timolol
Select the non selective b1 and b2
Pindolol
Carvedilol
Labetalol
Acebutalol
Nebivolol
Select the beta 1 blocker that is cardio selective
Atenolol
Betaxolol
Bisoprolol
Esmolol
Metoprolol
Select the beta 1 blockers that are cardio selective
Metoprolol
Acebutalol
Nebivolol
Carvedilol
Timolol
Why are beta blockers less likely to have adverse effects in patients with asthma and COPD than non-selective beta blockers?
Beta 1 blockers work on the Heart and Kidney causing increased HR
Increase force of contraction
Stimulates renin secretion of working on bronchioles
Works on the bronchioles
Which are alpha 2 agonists?
Clonidine
Guanficine
Methyldopa
Metoprolol
How does Alpha 2 agonists reduce MAP?
Decrease TPR
Decrease HR
Decrease CO
Decrease SV
What is the site of action for CCB?
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Endoplasmic reticulum
Select the DHP’s
Amlodipine
Felodipine
Isradipine
Nicardipine
Phenylalkamine
Select the NON-DHPs
Phenylalkamine
Verapamil
Diltiazem
Benzothiazepine
Amlodipine
What is the target for CCBs?
Inhibit L-type calcium channel
Activate L-type calcium channel
Increase HR
Decrease SV
Decrease TP
What is the site of action for CCBs?
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Rough muscle
Which CCB exerts a stronger effect on arterial smooth muscle?
DHP
Diltiazem
Verapamil
Which CCB exerts a stronger effect on cardiac effects?
DHP
Diltiazem
Verapamil
Which CCBs are substrates of CYP3A4?
ALL
None
Diltiazem
Verapamil
Why do CCBs cause constipation?
Inhibit sigmoid colon myoelectric response
Cause a increase in renin
Increase blood pressure
Decrease the serotonin uptake
Which CCB is known to cause constipation?
Verapamil
Diltiazem
DH
Felodipine
Select the direct vasodilators
Hydralazine
Minoxidil
Monocycline
Diphenhydramine
What is the effect of minoxidil on MAP and TPR?
Decrease
Increase
Which is the potassium channel opener that increases potassium permeability and hyperpolarizes?
Minoxidil
Hydralazine
Memantine
Alprazolam
Which cause a decrease in TPR and MAP?
Minoxidil
Hydralazine
Monoactamine
Diphenhydramine
Which medication causes patients to sometimes develop lupus like syndrome?
Hydralazine
Minoxidil
Diclofenac
Metoprolol
Lisinopril
After how many months can a patient develop lupus like syndrome in Hydralazine?
1
3
6
7
What is hypertrichosis?
Excessive hair growth
Low hair growth
Hair loss
Loss of hair color
Nail breakage
Loss of nails
What can cause hypertrichosis?
Minoxidil
Direct vasodilator
Hydralazine
Labetalol
What is a third generation beta adrenergic receptor antagonists?
Non selective beta 1 and beta 2
Beta 1 selective/cardio selective
Beta block and additional activity (alpha block/vasodilation)
What region is the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
AV node
LV node
Select which describes systole?
contraction
emptying
relaxation
filing
select which apply to diastole:
relaxation
filling
contraction
emptying
Which describes stroke volume?
amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle with each contraction
volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
Beats per minute
Which two factors determine CO?
Heart rate
Stroke volume
BP
Ventricular contractility
What is the effect of parasympathetic signaling on HR and rate of conduction?
Muscarinic type 2 receptors
Inhibitory
Decreases heart rate and rate of conduction
Increases heart rate and rate of condution
What is the effect of parasympathetic signaling on HR and rate of conduction?
Muscarinic type 2 receptors
Inhibitory
Decreases heart rate and rate of conduction
Increases heart rate and rate of condution
What is the effect of sympathetic signaling on HR and rate of conduction?
Stimulatory
Inhibitory
Beta-1 adrenergic receptors
Muscarinic type 2 receptors
Increases HR and rate of conduction
What 3 factors influence stroke volume?
Ventricular contractility
Preload/EDV
Afterload
Heart pressure
Vasoconstriction
Which increase stroke volume?
Ventricular contractility
Pre-load/edv
Afterload
Which decrease stroke volume?
Ventricular contractility
Pre-load/edv
afterload
What is the effect of sympathetic signaling on ventricular contractility?
Increase stroke volume
Decrease stroke volume
What is the effect of sympathetic signaling on venous return and preload?
Increase venous return
Increase preload/edv
Increase stroke volume
Decrease stroke volume
Decrease preload
What effect would an increase in MAP have on afterload?
Increase arteriole resistance
Increase MAP
Decrease stroke volume
Increase afterload
Decrease afterload
How does vasoconstriction affect resistance, pressure and flow?
Decrease flow
Increase flow
Increase resistance
Increase pressure
Decrease pressure
How does vasodilation affect radius, resistance, pressure and flow?
Increase radius
Decrease radius
Decrease resistance
Decrease pressure
Increase flow
What is the major determinant of TPR in a healthy individual?
Arteriole radius
Arteriole volume
Stroke Volume
Cardiac output
What is MAP?
Mean arterial pressure
Mean action potential
Mean activity pressure
What is the MAP?
Average pressure driving blood forward into tissues throughout cardiac cycle
Average pressure driving blood forward into muscle throughout cardiac cycle
What two factors determine MAP?
Cardiac output
Total peripheral resistance
Stroke Volume
Heart rate
How does sympathetic signaling increase MAP?
Increase TPR
Increase CO
Increase MAP
Decrease TPR
Which of the following increases CO?
Increase sympathetic signaling
Increase parasympathetic signaling
Increased afterload
All of the above
Increased venous return will:
decrease CO
increase CO
In a healthy individual the major determinant of TPR is?
Arteriole radius
Blood viscosity
All of the above
Activation of which of the following systems can change TPR?
Both RAAS
RAAS
ANS
Activation of which of the following systems can change SV?
RAAS
ANS
Both RAAS and ANS
Activation of which of the following systems can change HR?
RAAS
ANS
Booth RAAS and ANS
Define hypertension
Elevated BP
Decrease BP
High glycerides level
What is a normal BP?
120/80
120-139/80-89
140-159/90-99
>160/>100
What is considered prehtn?
<120/<80
120-139/80-89
140-159/90-99
>160/>100
What is stage 1 htn?
140-159/90-99
<120/<80
120-139/80-89
>160/>100
Which describes stage 2 HTN?
>160/>100
140-159/90-99
120-139/80-89
<120/<80
What is the "silent killer"?
HTN
Hyperlipidemia
Kidney damage
Retinopathy
What are the two factors that determine mean arterial pressure that could be elevated and lead to hypertension?
CO
TPR
SV
HR
Which explains how increase RAAS could promote hypertension
Increased sodium reabsorption
Water conservation
Increased blood volume
Increased cardiac output
How could increased angiotensin 2 cause hypertension?
Increased arteriolar vasoconstriction
Increased total peripheral resistance
Increased blood volume
Increased cardiac output
What happens to natriuetic hormone function in hypertension?
Can decrease sodium excretion
Increase blood volume
Increase blood pressure
Promote HTN
Increase sodium excretion
What is the effect of endothelial damage on vasodilation/vasoconstriction?
Decrease vasodilator
Increase vasoconstrictor
Increase vasodilator
Decrease vasoconstrictor
What is the effect of endothelial damage on TPR?
Increase TPR
Promotes hypertension
Decreases TPR
Inhibits hypertension
What happens to plasma volume in HTN?
Increase plasma volume
Decreased plasma volume
How does increased plasma volume affect CO?
Increase
Decrease
What is TPR influenced by?
Vessel diameter
Blood volume
Cardiac output
Which are active drugs for ACEi?
Captopril
Lisinopril
Fosinopril
Ramipril
Enalapril
Select the ACEi prodrugs :
Captopril
Trandolapril
Ramipril
Enalapril
Benazepril
How is the mechanism of ACEi action linked to adverse effects of dry cough and angioedema?
Bradykinin levels increased
ACE is inhibited -> increase in prostaglandin production
Prostaglandin production results in bronchoconstriction
Which ARBs undergo metabolic activation?
Azilsartan
Candesartan
Telmisartan
Valsartan
Losartan
Which ARB drugs undergo hydrolysis during GI absorption?
Azilsartan
Candesartan
Olmesartan
Eprosartan
Losartan
Which AT receptor subtype do ARBs antagonize?
AT1
AT2
AT3
AT4
What are the effects of ARBs antagonizing the AT1 receptor?
Decrease BV
Vasodilation
Increase BV
Vasoconstriction
What are the sites/mechanism of metabolic activation for Losartan?
CYP2C9
CYP3A4
CYP4A6
CYP2A3
What is the mechanism of action of a renin inhibitor?
Blocks renin from converting angiotensin to angiotensin 1
Blocks renin from converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
Activates renin to convert angiotensin to angiotensin 1
In what situation are drugs targeting the RAAS contraindication?
Pregnancy
Kidney failure
Lupus
HTN
What are the drugs that act on the sympathetic nervous system?
Doxazosin
Prazosin
Terazosin
Flucozosin
Hydrazosin
Select all that apply: what is the mechanism of action of Alpha 1 antagonists?
Blocks stimulation of smooth muscle contraction
Reduced TPR (dilation of arterioles)
Reduced SV and CO (dilation of veins)
Reduced MAP
Increased MAP
List the non selective beta blockers
Nadalol
Propranolol
Timolol
Bisoprolol
Which receptors are blocked by the non-selective beta blockers?
Beta 1
Beta 2
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Which beta blockers have intrinsic sympathetic activity?
Acebutalol
Penbutolol
Pindolol
Labetalol
Nadolol
What effects do beta blockers with intrinsic sympathetic activity have on beta receptors?
Similar to other beta blockers
Less reduction of HR
Less reduction of CO
Less reduction of TPR
Select all the beta 1 blockers:
Atenolol
Betaxolol
Bisoprolol
Esmolol
Metoprolol
What is the reason (related to metabolism) that you may see differences in efficacy/adverse effects with Metoprolol?
Extensively metabolized by CYP2D6
High first pass metabolism
Short half life 4-6 hours
Long half life 10-12 hours
Select the mixed alpha/beta blockers:
Carvedilol
Labetalol
Nebivolol
Select the beta blocker/vasodilator:
Carvedilol
Labetalol
Nebivolol
Which describe the mechanism of action for Nebivolol?
Beta 1 blocker
NO activation
Smooth muscle relaxation
Muscle constriction
Decrease NO
Why are beta 1 blockers less likely to have adverse effects in patients with asthma and COPD than non-selective beta blockers?
Nonselective drugs bind to beta-1 and beta 2 receptors
Block the effect of sympathetic signaling on the bronchioles
Leads to bronchoconstriction
Leads to bronchodilation
Select the alpha 2 agonists:
Clonidine
Guanfacine
Methyldopa
Klonidine
Verapamil
What is the target for site of action of CCBs?
L-type calcium channel
R-type calcium channel blockers
What is the site of action for CCBs?
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Why do CCBs cause constipation?
Block influx of Ca2+
Reduce contraction of smooth muscle
Slows down GI tract
Speeds up GI tract
Speeds up GI tract
Select the direct vasodilators:
Hydralazine
Minoxidil
Monoactamine
Acetycholine
What are the effects of direct vasodilators on TPR and MAP?
Arteriole smooth muscle relaxation
Reduces TPR
Lowers MAP
Increases TPR
Arteriole smooth muscle constriction
