Most COMMON NEONATAL OBSTRUCTION of the urinary tract results from intrinsic narrowing or extrinsic vascular compression.

There is no dilation of uterers.

The cortex is echogenic due to scarring.

It's the most COMMON EXAM ordered to rule out abnormality of kidneys. Boys get it more than girls.

The sonographic appearance is a large, solid, homogeneous or heterogenous mass. Does not infiltrate. Benign counterpart to Wilm's Tumor.

The most COMMON RENAL TUMOR in infancy.

Presents at 6 months of life. Infants may experience hypertension.

Has a female pre-dominance of 2:1.

Arises as a neonate

Kidneys are hyperechoic, enlarged with a hypoechoic outer rim & loss of definition renal sinus, medulla & cortex.

In neonates the renal cortex is initially

In children older than 1 year old the cortex is

The indications are a difficult delivery, large size, abdominal mass, anemia & jaundice.

The prefered transducer for scanning pediatric kidneys is the

Occurs when the fetus is stressed during a difficult delivery or a hypoxic insult

The adrenal glands are _____to the upper pole of the kidneys

Medullary pyramids are large and hypoehoic.

Cortex is thin and echogenicity is equal to liver parenchyma.

Arcuate arteries appear as punctate and kidney has a

lobulated contour.

The most common CAUSES for this pathology is obstruction, reflux, abnormal muscle development.

Produces proximal dilation of the collecting system.

Dilated renal pelvis extends medially and inferiorly.

This pathology is caused by an abscess, lymphoma, atresia & an ectopic ureter.

Sonographic appearance for this pathology would show a narrowing segment seen at bladder. Diminished urinary jets on either side with obstruction, megaureter and hydronephrosis.

The congenital anomaly of posterior urethral valves is the most common cause of _____________in a male neonate.

Sonographic appearance of thickened bladder wall/ trabeculations, bilateral hydroureters and hydronephrosis.

The MOST COMMON "MASS" in infants

Dilatation of the urinary collecting system

Infants with Neuroblastoma 4S have an spontaneous and natural regression.

It is easy to distinguish MCDK and Severe UPJ Obstruction.

Bilateral________ ______ in neonate is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and there is a female predominace 2:1.

There is bilateral renal enlargement with microscopic cysts . Loss of definition of renal sinus, medulla and cortex.

Higher incidence for Renal Cell Carcinoma. Chromosome 16 has a short arm. Cysts can be seen in liver, spleen and pancreas.

Medullary Sponge Kidney

Select to all that apply:

Acute Pyelonephritis involves:

Chronic Pyelonephritis involves

Rare lesion, but Its' present in 80% of children with tuberous sclerosis. Hyperechoic foci within renal cortex.

The benign counterpart of the Adrenal Neuroblastoma

Over time the differential over an Adrenal Hemorrhage and a Neuroblastoma is that 

Most common INTRA-ABDOMINAL RENAL MASS in children. It is always unilateral. There is extreme rapid growth and it invades the IVC, Renals & Heart. Counterpart to Mesoblastic nephroma.

Seen at age 2-5 years old. The indications are hematuria, fever & hypertension. Associated with Beckwith-Wiederman Syndrome, renal anomalies & Hemihypertrophy.

The sonographic appearance is shown as a large, solid, homogenous, no renal parencyma, may see hypoechoic areas of venous lakes.

Pre-cursor to Wilm's Tumor, It is hard to see cortico-medullary definition. There is a hypoechoic rim around the kidney with little masses.

Calcifications may contain hypoechoic areas of hemorrhage and necrosis.

SECOND MOST COMMON ABDOMINAL TUMOR in childhood. Vascularity of tumor will not decrease over time. It can displace kidney lateral and inferior.

1/2 arise from the medulla of the adrenal gland. 60-70 % have the presence of metastatic disease.

Sonographic findings are a "Cluster of Grapes" appearance. No identifiable renal pelvis. Minimal to no normal renal parenchyma.

Can be the most common cause of renal cystic disease in neonate.

Also most commonly seen on the left side. You cannot identify pelvis, renal arteries and veins.