WorksheetsClassical East Asian Beliefs
Total questions: 33
Worksheet time: 6hrs 30mins
Confucius, The Analects, 15:8
A superior man indeed is Ju Boyu! When good government prevails in his state, he is to be found in office. When bad government prevails, he can roll his principles up, and keep them in his pocket.
In which way was the divinity of Roman emperors in the first three centuries C.E. different from the Chinese concept of Mandate of Heaven?
The Roman emperor’s legitimacy did not depend on his success as a ruler.
Roman succession was based on the position of powerful family dynasties.
Roman emperors did not seek popular approval of their policies.
Roman emperors used control over the military to consolidate their rule.
Confucius, The Analects, 15:8
A superior man indeed is Ju Boyu! When good government prevails in his state, he is to be found in office. When bad government prevails, he can roll his principles up, and keep them in his pocket.
With which of the following Legalist viewpoints would Confucianists most disagree?
Supreme power must reside in a powerful, centralized state.
The emperor has been granted the power to rule by Heaven.
It is human nature to misbehave, necessitating a strict legal code.
The exemplary rulers of the past are a model to be revered and followed.
1 When you serve your mother and father it is okay to try to correct them once in a while.
2 But if you see that they are not going to listen to you, keep your respect for them and don't distance yourself from them.
3 Work without complaining.
4 .
5
6 From The Analects of Confucius, Wikimedia Commons
What Confucian value is embraced in the quotation above?
The Way of Virtue
the Dynastic Cycle
the Mandate of Heaven
Filial Piety
1 When you serve your mother and father it is okay to try to correct them once in a while.
2 But if you see that they are not going to listen to you, keep your respect for them and don't distance yourself from them.
3 Work without complaining.
4 .
5
6 From The Analects of Confucius, Wikimedia Commons
Which statement below best represents the kind of role Confucianism has played in Chinese society?
Confucius developed the basic philosophical framework that were later incorporated into the ideas behind the Mandate of Heaven.
The construction of monasteries in Tang China allowed men to leave their families and communities, and retreat from society, to meditate and pursue scholarship.
Confucianism discouraged the toleration of dissent, as employed by the Qin Dynasty, with severe punishment for all lawbreakers.
Founding principles of Confucianism served as the basis for the creation of a Civil Service Examination system used by the Han government.
1 When you serve your mother and father it is okay to try to correct them once in a while.
2 But if you see that they are not going to listen to you, keep your respect for them and don't distance yourself from them.
3 Work without complaining.
4 .
5
6 From The Analects of Confucius, Wikimedia Commons
Which aspect of Chinese society is best associated with Daoist thought?
The development of a paper currency during the Tang dynasty
The unification of all the small warring states under Qin leadership
Landscape prints from the Song dynasty that depict tiny humans dwarfed by large mountains
The rise of systemic long-distance trade routes on the Silk Roads during the Han dynasty
1 When you serve your mother and father it is okay to try to correct them once in a while.
2 But if you see that they are not going to listen to you, keep your respect for them and don't distance yourself from them.
3 Work without complaining.
4 .
5
6 From The Analects of Confucius, Wikimedia Commons
Which statement below best explains the relationship between Confucianism and Daoism on the issue of women and their status in society?
Neither Daoism nor Confucianism addressed the issue of women and their place in society in any significant way.
Daoists had a narrow view of women, seeing them as providing for their families, while Confucianists felt women could be in positions of power in family and government.
Both belief systems promoted male and female equality, but neither system addressed this idea in any serious way.
Men were considered superior to women in Confucianism while women were accorded greater ability to pursue individualistic goals in Daoism.
Xiaojing 10
"A filial son has five duties to perform to his parents: (1) He must venerate them in daily life. (2) He must try to make them happy in every possible way, especially when the meal is served. (3) He must take extra care of them when they are sick. (4) He ought to show great sorrow for them when they are dead. (5) He must offer sacrifices to his deceased parents with the utmost solemnity. If he fulfills these duties, then he can be considered as having done what ought to be done by a son."
A son ought not to feel proud of the high position he occupies, ought not to show dissatisfaction with his inferior position to that of others, and ought not to act against the natural feeling of the public. If he is proud and haughty when he is a high official, he will soon bring ruin upon himself and his family; if he feels dissatisfied with his lower position, he may be led to do illegal acts; and if he does anything contrary to the public feeling, he will probably be the object of attacks. Having thus wronged himself, he cannot be considered as a filial son, although he treats his parents every day to luxurious meals.
Based on your knowledge of world history, filial piety as explained in the passage above was most characteristic of which Chinese tradition?
Daoism
Indigenous Chinese polytheism
Confucianism
Buddhism
Xiaojing 10
"A filial son has five duties to perform to his parents: (1) He must venerate them in daily life. (2) He must try to make them happy in every possible way, especially when the meal is served. (3) He must take extra care of them when they are sick. (4) He ought to show great sorrow for them when they are dead. (5) He must offer sacrifices to his deceased parents with the utmost solemnity. If he fulfills these duties, then he can be considered as having done what ought to be done by a son."
A son ought not to feel proud of the high position he occupies, ought not to show dissatisfaction with his inferior position to that of others, and ought not to act against the natural feeling of the public. If he is proud and haughty when he is a high official, he will soon bring ruin upon himself and his family; if he feels dissatisfied with his lower position, he may be led to do illegal acts; and if he does anything contrary to the public feeling, he will probably be the object of attacks. Having thus wronged himself, he cannot be considered as a filial son, although he treats his parents every day to luxurious meals.
Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following excerpts from other religions echoes the above passage in terms of filial piety?
"" If a woman quarrel with her husband...the reasons for her prejudice must be presented. If she is guiltless, and there is no fault on her part, but he leaves and neglects her, then no guilt attaches to this woman, she shall take her dowry and go back to her father's house" (The Code of Hammurabi).
"Honor thy father and thy mother, so that you may live long in the land the Lord your God is giving you" (Judaism).
"In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent" (Hinduism).
"Wives, be subject to your own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church" (Christianity).
Xiaojing 10
"A filial son has five duties to perform to his parents: (1) He must venerate them in daily life. (2) He must try to make them happy in every possible way, especially when the meal is served. (3) He must take extra care of them when they are sick. (4) He ought to show great sorrow for them when they are dead. (5) He must offer sacrifices to his deceased parents with the utmost solemnity. If he fulfills these duties, then he can be considered as having done what ought to be done by a son."
A son ought not to feel proud of the high position he occupies, ought not to show dissatisfaction with his inferior position to that of others, and ought not to act against the natural feeling of the public. If he is proud and haughty when he is a high official, he will soon bring ruin upon himself and his family; if he feels dissatisfied with his lower position, he may be led to do illegal acts; and if he does anything contrary to the public feeling, he will probably be the object of attacks. Having thus wronged himself, he cannot be considered as a filial son, although he treats his parents every day to luxurious meals.
Based on your knowledge of world history, how did the notion of filial piety most affect other traditions in China?
Confucian scholars dominated the Chinese government for a thousand years.
Daoism fell into obscurity, causing Buddhists to be the only rival to Confucians.
Chinese Buddhism was redefined to function around filial piety.
The influence of Buddhism receded, causing Daoists and Confucians to fight for dominance.
The map above depicts the various Silk Roads that connected Asia, Europe, and Africa.
Based on the map and your knowledge of history, how did most people use these trade routes?
Most people traveled great distances on these roads.
Most people were missionaries that happened to also begin the silk trade.
Most people used the Silk Roads to expose themselves to different cultures.
Most people traveled back and forth between two nearby points on the roads.
The map above depicts the various Silk Roads that connected Asia, Europe, and Africa.
All of the following statements describe characteristics of the Silk Roads EXCEPT?
The Silk Roads flourished for more than a millennium.
The Silk Roads served to connect a number of preexisting trade routes to China.
The Silk Roads allowed major Western religious traditions to prosper in the East.
The Silk Roads led to the transmission of diseases as well as culture.
The map above depicts the various Silk Roads that connected Asia, Europe, and Africa.
Based on your knowledge of history, connecting China to Western trade routes was ultimately a result of which of the following?
Post-Alexandrian connections with China.
Chinese interest in conquering lands to the west.
The decreasing cost of manufacturing silk in China.
The travels of Zhang Qian to Central Asia.
Answer the question that follows based on the passages and image below and your knowledge of history.
South India in this period was also the center of active seaborne trade, with networks reaching all the way to Rome. Indian sailing technology was highly advanced, and much of this trade was in the hands of Indian merchants. Roman traders based in Egypt followed the routes already used by Arab traders, sailing with the monsoon from the Red Sea to the west coast of India in about two weeks, returning about six months later when the direction of the winds reversed. In the first century C.E. a Greek merchant involved in this trade reported that the traders sold coins, topaz, coral, crude glass, copper, tin, and lead and bought pearls, ivory, silk (probably originally from China), jewels of many sorts (probably many from Southeast Asia), and above all cinnamon and pepper. More Roman gold coins of the first and second centuries C.E. have been found near the southern tip of India than in any other area.
The Indian Ocean is a more likely home for the lateen . . . there seem to be no surviving possible antecedents of the sail in the Mediterranean. This implies that the sail was imported in its mature form from the Indian Ocean. Indeed, the lateen is widely regarded as characteristically the sail of Arab seafarers, and its distribution is considered largely Muslim. Its diffusion elsewhere is therefore plausibly attributed to the boldness and expansionism of so-called “Arab” sailors.
All of the following are reasons India carried on a thriving long distance trade EXCEPT
access to many desirable products.
its well-regulated imperial bureaucracy.
a central location between trading partners.
advanced sailing technology.
Answer the question that follows based on the passages and image below and your knowledge of history.
South India in this period was also the center of active seaborne trade, with networks reaching all the way to Rome. Indian sailing technology was highly advanced, and much of this trade was in the hands of Indian merchants. Roman traders based in Egypt followed the routes already used by Arab traders, sailing with the monsoon from the Red Sea to the west coast of India in about two weeks, returning about six months later when the direction of the winds reversed. In the first century C.E. a Greek merchant involved in this trade reported that the traders sold coins, topaz, coral, crude glass, copper, tin, and lead and bought pearls, ivory, silk (probably originally from China), jewels of many sorts (probably many from Southeast Asia), and above all cinnamon and pepper. More Roman gold coins of the first and second centuries C.E. have been found near the southern tip of India than in any other area.
The Indian Ocean is a more likely home for the lateen . . . there seem to be no surviving possible antecedents of the sail in the Mediterranean. This implies that the sail was imported in its mature form from the Indian Ocean. Indeed, the lateen is widely regarded as characteristically the sail of Arab seafarers, and its distribution is considered largely Muslim. Its diffusion elsewhere is therefore plausibly attributed to the boldness and expansionism of so-called “Arab” sailors.
Which of the following conclusions is justified by the evidence above?
Indian traders made more profit than Romans or Arabs.
Arabs were better sailors than Romans or Indians.
India was the Roman Empire' s main long distance trading partner.
Silk was the most important product for Roman traders.
Answer the question that follows based on the passages and image below and your knowledge of history.
South India in this period was also the center of active seaborne trade, with networks reaching all the way to Rome. Indian sailing technology was highly advanced, and much of this trade was in the hands of Indian merchants. Roman traders based in Egypt followed the routes already used by Arab traders, sailing with the monsoon from the Red Sea to the west coast of India in about two weeks, returning about six months later when the direction of the winds reversed. In the first century C.E. a Greek merchant involved in this trade reported that the traders sold coins, topaz, coral, crude glass, copper, tin, and lead and bought pearls, ivory, silk (probably originally from China), jewels of many sorts (probably many from Southeast Asia), and above all cinnamon and pepper. More Roman gold coins of the first and second centuries C.E. have been found near the southern tip of India than in any other area.
The Indian Ocean is a more likely home for the lateen . . . there seem to be no surviving possible antecedents of the sail in the Mediterranean. This implies that the sail was imported in its mature form from the Indian Ocean. Indeed, the lateen is widely regarded as characteristically the sail of Arab seafarers, and its distribution is considered largely Muslim. Its diffusion elsewhere is therefore plausibly attributed to the boldness and expansionism of so-called “Arab” sailors.
What would BEST explain confusion about the origin of the lateen sail?
Its spread by Arab sailors led to its association with them.
Roman sailors claimed credit for inventing it.
Lateen sails were unknown outside the Mediterranean.
There are no written records of its use.
Above is a Qing dynasty illustration of the Yellow Turban Rebellion of 184 CE.
The Yellow Turban rebels were
warriors led by the general Cao Cao.
peasant revolutionaries.
dissatisfied government workers.
Buddhist revivalists.
Above is a Qing dynasty illustration of the Yellow Turban Rebellion of 184 CE.
The Yellow Turbans identified with which of the following ideologies?
Confucianism.
Daoism.
Islam
Buddhism
Above is a Qing dynasty illustration of the Yellow Turban Rebellion of 184 CE.
In addition to the Yellow Turban Rebellion, each of the following events led to the fall of the Han dynasty EXCEPT
Weak leadership among Eastern Han rulers.
Rampant political intrigue in the Eastern Han court.
Successful invasions by the Mongols.
A series of Chinese civil wars.
Chinese rulers used monumental building projects, like the Great Wall, for all of the following purposes EXCEPT
as commercial centers to promote exchange.
as demonstrations of their power over their subjects.
as defensive measures against nomadic incursions.
as a check on the power of landlords.
Which statement BEST describes the Chinese state attitude towards northern pastoralists in the Han Dynasty?
Nomads were seen as inferior barbarians, with nothing of value to the Chinese state.
Without the technology developed by settled, agricultural peoples, nomads were seen as weak and easily beaten in battle.
The views of nomads changed over time. When relations were poor, nomadic raids were frequent; when relations were good, the nomads paid tribute to the Chinese state.
Nomadic peoples were so often at war with each other that they posed little military threat to China.
The collapse of the Han Dynasty was similar to the fall of the Roman Empire in all of the following ways EXCEPT
power shifted away from the government and into the hands of powerful, landowning families.
nomadic invasions played a direct role in the fall of the empire.
divisions between government factions led to corruption and a succession of weak rulers.
divisions between government factions led to corruption and a succession of weak rulers.
The following excerpt is attributed to Confucius during the 5th Century BCE. Historians differ on whether this was accurate, however, this excerpt would become a component of the meritocratic examination system by the 10th century CE.
Therefore the ruler will first be watchful over his own virtue. If he has virtue, he will have the people with him. If he has the people with him, he will have the territory. If he has the territory, he will have the wealth. And if he has wealth, he will have its use. Virtue is the root, while wealth is the branch.
There is a great principle for the production of wealth. If there are many produces and few consumers, and if people who produce wealth do so quickly and those who spend it do so slowly, then wealth will always be sufficient. A man of humanity develops his personality means of his wealth, while the inhumane person develops wealth at the sacrifice of his personality. There has never been a case of a ruler who loved humanity and whose people did not love righteousness. There has never been a case where the people loved righteousness and yet the affairs of the state.
The excerpt above could be used as evidence to support the thesis that within Confucianism
the value of the nation was determined by its economic progress.
leaders were believed to act with virtue if their people were happy.
acting in accordance to Confucian virtues was a necessary precondition for the well-being of the people.
a nation filled with filial peoples would be able to create leaders with great temperament.
The following excerpt is attributed to Confucius during the 5th Century BCE. Historians differ on whether this was accurate, however, this excerpt would become a component of the meritocratic examination system by the 10th century CE.
Therefore the ruler will first be watchful over his own virtue. If he has virtue, he will have the people with him. If he has the people with him, he will have the territory. If he has the territory, he will have the wealth. And if he has wealth, he will have its use. Virtue is the root, while wealth is the branch.
There is a great principle for the production of wealth. If there are many produces and few consumers, and if people who produce wealth do so quickly and those who spend it do so slowly, then wealth will always be sufficient. A man of humanity develops his personality means of his wealth, while the inhumane person develops wealth at the sacrifice of his personality. There has never been a case of a ruler who loved humanity and whose people did not love righteousness. There has never been a case where the people loved righteousness and yet the affairs of the state.The following excerpt is attributed to Confucius during the 5th Century BCE. Historians differ on whether this was accurate, however, this excerpt would become a component of the meritocratic examination system by the 10th century CE.
Therefore the ruler will first be watchful over his own virtue. If he has virtue, he will have the people with him. If he has the people with him, he will have the territory. If he has the territory, he will have the wealth. And if he has wealth, he will have its use. Virtue is the root, while wealth is the branch.
There is a great principle for the production of wealth. If there are many produces and few consumers, and if people who produce wealth do so quickly and those who spend it do so slowly, then wealth will always be sufficient. A man of humanity develops his personality means of his wealth, while the inhumane person develops wealth at the sacrifice of his personality. There has never been a case of a ruler who loved humanity and whose people did not love righteousness. There has never been a case where the people loved righteousness and yet the affairs of the state.
The religious or cultural tradition that contrasted the most with Confucian views on wealth creation and merchants was
Christianity
Islam
Buddhism
Sikhism
The following excerpt is attributed to Confucius during the 5th Century BCE. Historians differ on whether this was accurate, however, this excerpt would become a component of the meritocratic examination system by the 10th century CE.
Therefore the ruler will first be watchful over his own virtue. If he has virtue, he will have the people with him. If he has the people with him, he will have the territory. If he has the territory, he will have the wealth. And if he has wealth, he will have its use. Virtue is the root, while wealth is the branch.
There is a great principle for the production of wealth. If there are many produces and few consumers, and if people who produce wealth do so quickly and those who spend it do so slowly, then wealth will always be sufficient. A man of humanity develops his personality means of his wealth, while the inhumane person develops wealth at the sacrifice of his personality. There has never been a case of a ruler who loved humanity and whose people did not love righteousness. There has never been a case where the people loved righteousness and yet the affairs of the state.
Which of the following best explains the purpose of exhortations such as the one described in the excerpt?
The people of the nation were meant to judge whether a leader was virtuous and to rebel if they found the leader lacking.
A leader was meant to understand and to act in accordance to the values described in Confucian texts.
They were created expressly for use within the meritocratic testing system.
Rulers were meant to learn and to hold these sayings as truths to promote the Confucian lifestyle in other regions of the world.
The following excerpt is attributed to Confucius during the 5th Century BCE. Historians differ on whether this was accurate, however, this excerpt would become a component of the meritocratic examination system by the 10th century CE.
Therefore the ruler will first be watchful over his own virtue. If he has virtue, he will have the people with him. If he has the people with him, he will have the territory. If he has the territory, he will have the wealth. And if he has wealth, he will have its use. Virtue is the root, while wealth is the branch.
There is a great principle for the production of wealth. If there are many produces and few consumers, and if people who produce wealth do so quickly and those who spend it do so slowly, then wealth will always be sufficient. A man of humanity develops his personality means of his wealth, while the inhumane person develops wealth at the sacrifice of his personality. There has never been a case of a ruler who loved humanity and whose people did not love righteousness. There has never been a case where the people loved righteousness and yet the affairs of the state.
Through the Classical and Post-Classical Eras (600 BCE to 1450 CE), the importance of Confucian text experienced
change as leaders became increasingly skeptical of Confucian values due to their inability to gain personal wealth from them.
continuity as later imperial governments in China utilized some portion of Confucian classics as a means of creating a meritocratic systems.
change as Buddhism became the dominant political force in China's governmental a
continuity as leaders exclusively utilized Confucian ideas as the basis of imperial governance.
Shiji 6: The Basic Annals of the First Qin Emperor (Circa 94 B.C.E.)
Lao Ai, the marquis of Changxin, was plotting revolt. He had forged the seals of the king and the queen dowager and called out the district troops. Supplementing these with soldiers of the guard, government horsemen, and the chiefs of the Rong and Di tribes1 and their henchmen, he was preparing to attack the Qinian Palace at Yong and start a revolt. When the king learned of this, he ordered the prime minister, Lord Changping, and Lord Changwen to call out troops and attack Lao Ai. Fighting took place in Xianyang and several hundred heads were cut off. All who cut off enemy heads were honored with noble ranks. An order was circulated throughout the kingdom offering 1,000,000 cash to anyone who captured Lao Ai alive.
1. Rong (Xirong) and Di (Beidi) are terms that signify various non-Chinese tribes that existed just outside of China during the Zhou dynasty (circa 1046 B.C.E. - 256 B.C.E.). They were frequently described by the Chinese as uncultured, uncivilized barbarians. The Rong lived largely to the west of Zhou China, and the Di lived to the north.
Based on the passage above, what can be inferred regarding the roles of tribes existing outside of China during this period?
Tribes such as the Rong and Di were both hostile to the Chinese.
Chinese armies often relied on outside tribes in times of war.
External tribes generally sympathized with those who shared similar goals.
The services of outside tribes could be bought for the right price.
Shiji 6: The Basic Annals of the First Qin Emperor (Circa 94 B.C.E.)
Lao Ai, the marquis of Changxin, was plotting revolt. He had forged the seals of the king and the queen dowager and called out the district troops. Supplementing these with soldiers of the guard, government horsemen, and the chiefs of the Rong and Di tribes1 and their henchmen, he was preparing to attack the Qinian Palace at Yong and start a revolt. When the king learned of this, he ordered the prime minister, Lord Changping, and Lord Changwen to call out troops and attack Lao Ai. Fighting took place in Xianyang and several hundred heads were cut off. All who cut off enemy heads were honored with noble ranks. An order was circulated throughout the kingdom offering 1,000,000 cash to anyone who captured Lao Ai alive.
1. Rong (Xirong) and Di (Beidi) are terms that signify various non-Chinese tribes that existed just outside of China during the Zhou dynasty (circa 1046 B.C.E. - 256 B.C.E.). They were frequently described by the Chinese as uncultured, uncivilized barbarians. The Rong lived largely to the west of Zhou China, and the Di lived to the north.
This emperor is best known today for which of the following character traits?
Ruthlessness.
Humanity.
Wisdom
Morality
Shiji 6: The Basic Annals of the First Qin Emperor (Circa 94 B.C.E.)
Lao Ai, the marquis of Changxin, was plotting revolt. He had forged the seals of the king and the queen dowager and called out the district troops. Supplementing these with soldiers of the guard, government horsemen, and the chiefs of the Rong and Di tribes1 and their henchmen, he was preparing to attack the Qinian Palace at Yong and start a revolt. When the king learned of this, he ordered the prime minister, Lord Changping, and Lord Changwen to call out troops and attack Lao Ai. Fighting took place in Xianyang and several hundred heads were cut off. All who cut off enemy heads were honored with noble ranks. An order was circulated throughout the kingdom offering 1,000,000 cash to anyone who captured Lao Ai alive.
1. Rong (Xirong) and Di (Beidi) are terms that signify various non-Chinese tribes that existed just outside of China during the Zhou dynasty (circa 1046 B.C.E. - 256 B.C.E.). They were frequently described by the Chinese as uncultured, uncivilized barbarians. The Rong lived largely to the west of Zhou China, and the Di lived to the north.
The king described in the above passage is the king of the state of Qin, who would go on to become the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty.
The First Emperor of the Qin dynasty is known for each of the following accomplishments EXCEPT:
The establishment of the Silk Road.
The unification of several walls into the Great Wall of China.
The creation of a gigantic army of terracotta warriors
The unification of numerous city-states into a nation.
Source: Analects 12.7 circa Third-Century BCE
“Zigong asked about government. The Master said “Sufficient food, sufficient military force, the confidence of the people”.
Zigong said, “If one had, unavoidably, to dispense with one of these, which of them should go first?”
The Master said, “Get rid of the military.”
Zigong said, “If one had, unavoidably, to dispense with one of the remaining two, which should go first?”
The Master said, “Dispense with food: Since ancient times there has always been death, but without confidence a people cannot stand.”
The ideas expressed in the passage would contribute most directly to which of the following?
The adoption of Confucianism by the Chinese government.
The Chinese emphasis on Daoism and the individual’s path.
The strict use of Legalism by the Chinese Emperor.
The spread of Buddhism into China via the Silk Road.
Source: Analects 12.7 circa Third-Century BCE
“Zigong asked about government. The Master said “Sufficient food, sufficient military force, the confidence of the people”.
Zigong said, “If one had, unavoidably, to dispense with one of these, which of them should go first?”
The Master said, “Get rid of the military.”
Zigong said, “If one had, unavoidably, to dispense with one of the remaining two, which should go first?”
The Master said, “Dispense with food: Since ancient times there has always been death, but without confidence a people cannot stand.”
The Master’s observations are best understood in the context of which of the following?
The fall of the Han Dynasty with the invasion of the White Huns.
The Warring States period of disunity in China.
A famine during the Qing Dynasty.
The creation of the Great Wall of China during the Tang Dynasty.
Source: Analects 12.7 circa Third-Century BCE
“Zigong asked about government. The Master said “Sufficient food, sufficient military force, the confidence of the people”.
Zigong said, “If one had, unavoidably, to dispense with one of these, which of them should go first?”
The Master said, “Get rid of the military.”
Zigong said, “If one had, unavoidably, to dispense with one of the remaining two, which should go first?”
The Master said, “Dispense with food: Since ancient times there has always been death, but without confidence a people cannot stand.”
Which of the following was an important long-term effect of the government structure described in the passage?
China was open to foreign invaders due to the lack of emphasis on a strong military.
The Chinese economy became mostly agrarian.
China enjoyed a long history of traditional dynasties and stable government.
The cessation of the use of the Mandate of Heaven.
Source: Analects 12.7 circa Third-Century BCE
“Zigong asked about government. The Master said “Sufficient food, sufficient military force, the confidence of the people”.
Zigong said, “If one had, unavoidably, to dispense with one of these, which of them should go first?”
The Master said, “Get rid of the military.”
Zigong said, “If one had, unavoidably, to dispense with one of the remaining two, which should go first?”
The Master said, “Dispense with food: Since ancient times there has always been death, but without confidence a people cannot stand.”
Which of the following best describes the impact of the philosophy outlined in the passage on Chinese society between 600 B.C.E and 600 C.E.?
The creation of hereditary government positions led to stable dynasties.
It led to greater equality among the genders in both public and domestic spheres.
It emphasized the importance of the family unit as a building block of society.
It created a stratified social and economic hierarchy with impermeable boundaries.
Answer the question that follows based on the passages and image below and your knowledge of history.
South India in this period was also the center of active seaborne trade, with networks reaching all the way to Rome. Indian sailing technology was highly advanced, and much of this trade was in the hands of Indian merchants. Roman traders based in Egypt followed the routes already used by Arab traders, sailing with the monsoon from the Red Sea to the west coast of India in about two weeks, returning about six months later when the direction of the winds reversed. In the first century C.E. a Greek merchant involved in this trade reported that the traders sold coins, topaz, coral, crude glass, copper, tin, and lead and bought pearls, ivory, silk (probably originally from China), jewels of many sorts (probably many from Southeast Asia), and above all cinnamon and pepper. More Roman gold coins of the first and second centuries C.E. have been found near the southern tip of India than in any other area.
The Indian Ocean is a more likely home for the lateen . . . there seem to be no surviving possible antecedents of the sail in the Mediterranean. This implies that the sail was imported in its mature form from the Indian Ocean. Indeed, the lateen is widely regarded as characteristically the sail of Arab seafarers, and its distribution is considered largely Muslim. Its diffusion elsewhere is therefore plausibly attributed to the boldness and expansionism of so-called “Arab” sailors.
Based on your knowledge of world history, how did Indian Ocean trade take advantage of predictable weather patterns?
Traders scheduled their travels around the monsoon winds.
Camels were used to transport goods from Arabia to India.
Silk was only transported in winter to avoid monsoon rains.
Spices were shipped during winter to reduce spoilage.
