Refers to the use of lower species of animals as much as possible.

Refers to the minimization of frequency or degree of pain and distress that animal subjects experience in experiments.

refers to the reduction of the number of animals to be used for experimentation as much as possible.

One of the staunch defenders of animal welfare?

Served as the ethical and legal foundation for the future guidelines concerning the use of human subjects for biomedical research,

The Declaration of Helsinki was formalized in what year?

The Declaration of Helsinki was formalized by what association?

It requires that the risk to human subjects be minimized and that the benefits of conducting the research be maximized

It requires that the burden on human subjects be equally distributed and not merely concentrated on an individual or a single group of individuals.