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WorksheetsTheories of Cognitive Development UOM
Total questions: 154
Worksheet time: 3hrs 52mins
Epigenetics is the field of study showing us that
The genetic information that we inherit from our parents defines who we are
Some mental disorders are genetic
Environment can modify our genes
Radiation can affect our genetic code
Empircist Theories refer to
The british way of thinking
The development of knowldge as the enfolding of a masterplan
The development of knowledge as an apprecticeship in a culture
The development of knowlegde as the accumulation of writing on a blank slate
Rationalist theories refer to
Someone who is an atheist
The development of knowledge as an apprenticeship in a culture
The development of knowledge as the enfolding of a masterplan
The development of knowledge as the accumulation of writing on a blank slate;
Socio-Historic Theories refer to
Learning from experiences
The development of knowledge as an apprenticeship in a culture
The development of knowledge as the enfolding of a masterplan
The development of knowledge as the accumulation of writing on a blank slate
Tabula Rasa is the Locke theory known as the
Operant Theory
Implicit Theory
Blank Slate Theory
Innate Theory
An Empiricist believes that knowledge is accumulated through experience. Perceptual learning is one method and refers to
an increasing ability to distinguish between different classes of empirical stimuli - images, sounds, smells, tastes and textures
the increasing ability of the child to induce associations between these classes of percepts
the increasing ability to apply the empirical learning to new contexts
Visual stimuli creating new images internally
An Empiricist believes that knowledge is accumulated through experience. Cognitive learning is one method and refers to
the increasing ability to apply the empirical learning to new contexts
The increasing ability of the child to induce associations between classes of percepts
an increasing ability to distinguish between different classes of empirical stimuli - images, sounds, smells, tastes and textures
Learning from REM sleep, aka dreams
Transfer of learning refers to
an increasing ability to distinguish between different classes of empirical stimuli - images, sounds, smells, tastes and textures
the increasing ability to apply the empirical learning to new contexts
The increasing ability to comunicate my knowledge to my peers
the increasing ability of the child to induce associations between these classes of percepts
POP QUESTION! Who said '' Give me a dozen healthy infants , well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors.''
Maslow
Joseph Muscat
J.B. Watson
Skinner
Behaviourism adopted the Empiricist approach
True
False
What theories focused on human reasoning?
Empiricist Theories
Socio- Historic Theories
Rationalist Theories
Reasoning Theories
Rationalist approach refers to
An innate order-imposing mental structure that also develops with age
The child constructs his or her own knowledge.
mind as tabula rasa, blank slate or ‘white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas’
Knowledge or data is organised according to the internal framework.
Refering to the raationalist theories, who said this?: Child is like a scientist who constructs a framework of the world from the beginning, but this framework is restructured as the child develops.
Watson
Chomsky
Vygovski
Piaget
What does LAD stand for?
Laguage Automic Device
Language Automatic Development
Language Acquisition Device
A dude who's straight up awesome
LAD refers to
Chomsky's idea that children are born with an innate mental framework for processing language
Skinners idea that language is learnt through experiences
Vygotsky's idea that we learn things by passing them down through generations
FB page that posts some cool stuff occasionally
Socio- Hisoric Theories refer to
Learning & Development through apprenticeship
innate reasoning framework
knowledge is accumulated through experience.
Socio- Historic theorists bellieve that a childs mind develops through
Social interaction with and instruction from experts in the culture
All of these
Learning of mental tools for processing knowledge
social interaction and through historical accumulation
Jean Piaget used a/an
Epiriical approach
Rationalist approach
socio - historic approach
He never approached anyone ever
Lev Vygotsky used an/a
Epiricist approach
Rationalist approach
Socio-historic approach
All of these approaches
Domain specific refers to
we develop a global knowledge structure
having different systems and rules for different reasons
typing in a specific website name
having one system and rule for all reasons
Cumulative learning refers to
The cognitive process by which we accumulate knowledge and abilities
The behavioral process by which we accumulate knowledge and abilities.
The instinctual ability to accumulate knowledge and abilities
Uses computer as a metaphor for the mind - focuses on input output
If you are a ___________ then learning is called developing.
Rationalist
Empiricist
Socio- historian
All of these
The LAD theory falls under what kind of approach?
Rationalist
Empirical
Socio-historic
It is its own thing
Does Socio-Historic assumes we are born through a blank slate?
Naaah brethren
Yeeeeah bruv
Socio-historic theory is based upon the work of
Lev Vygotski
John Locke
René Descarte
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Rationalist theory is based on the work of
René Descarte
Lev Vygotski
John Locke
Jean Piaget
Who is the empirical theory based on?
John Locke
René Descarte
Lev Vygotski
John Watson
Who is the empirical theory based on?
John Locke
René Descarte
Lev Vygotski
John Watson
Learning/developing, isn’t affected by our emotions
You tell lies
You decree the truth
A schema is a/n
abstract representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline or model
A plan to do something which will have positive effects on you
A formula you use to calculate what to do next
Infers that children are born with certain plans
What is the 1st perspective of Developmental psychology?
Internal and External Influences on Development
Nurture
Nature
Ecological Theory
What is the 2nd perspective of Developmental psychology?
Vulnerability and resilience
Maturational Theory
Nurture
Nature
Ecological Theory
What is the 3rd perspective of Developmental psychology?
Internal and External Influences on Development
Nature
Nurture
The ecological
Vulnerability and Resilience
What is the 4th perspective of Developmental psychology?
Vulnerability and resilience
Maturation
Ecological
Nurture
Nature
What is the 5th perspective of Developmental psychology?
Vulnerability and Resilience
Nurture
Nature
Internal and External Influences on Development
Ecological
What are the two structures in the brain that are the most fully developed at birth?
The midbrain and the medulla
The thalamus and the frontal lobe
The cerebral cortex and the corpus calosum
The hindbrain and the medulla
The occipital lobe and the pariteal lobe
Which is the least developed part of the brain at birth?
The cerebral cortex
The Thalamus
The cerebellum
The medulla
Does a child/adolescent grow continuously or in short bursts?
Continuously
Short bursts
Are growth spurts localised in one part of the brain or applicable to the whole brain?
Localised in one part at a time via growth spurts
The whole brain is always growing at once
The brain grows all at once via growth spurts
How many major growth spurts in the brain occur in adolescence?
6
3
5
2
Mark the places in the brain that are involved in the 2 growth spurts in adolescence.
Areas of the brain which control spatial perception and motor functions.
The frontal lobe
The thallamus
The pineal gland
Areas of the brain which are involved in fear and anxiety
What is the process of creating connections between neurons called?
Synaptogenesis
Neurolink
Neurogenesis
Axodendronic linking
dendroaxonic linking
What is synaptic pruning?
Where unnecessary cortical connections are eliminated. Usually occurs at around 2 years of age.
Implies selective retention of the most efficient pathways.
Children’s attention and selective attention is improved through trimming myelin off of axons so they may be more efficient
A highly complex process of the brain where it scans the body for any neurons it failed to synapse with. Usually occurs at around 2 years of age
A growth spurt of the synpase, many connections can sadly be lost due to this if child's nourishment needs are not met
Synaptogenesis relies heavily on
School
Nutrition
Love
Excersise
All of these
If a child's experiences are repeated, what would happen to the synaptic pathway formed?
Once the signal strength reaches a pre-determined threshold level, it will become immune to pruning
Once the singal strength reaches a pre-determined threshold level, you make an unconscious decision whether to repress it or not
Once the signal strength reaches a pre-determined threshold level, it won't, however become immune to pruning as any pathway can be adjusted and pruned.
Nothing would happen due to the brain constantly being in flux
What is the most famous moral dillemma which Kohlberg presented to his students?
The Heinz Dillemma
The Trolley Problem
The Baby Problem
The Prisoner's Dilemma.
The Heinz Dillemma refers to
A man's wife is fatally ill. A Doctor invents a cure and is selling it at 10 times the cost he spent to make it. The man gathers half the amount by borrowing from people in town and asks to pay the doctor later. The doctor refuses. What should the man do?
There is a train coming down the tracks and ahead, there are five people tied to the tracks and are unable to move. You are standing on a bridge above the train tracks and you can see the train coming. There is a man standing next to you, who is so enormous that if he places himself in front of the train, it will hit and kill him but the train will stop. So you have two choices. Do nothing or kill the fat man.
You, your baby, and your entire townspeople are being chased by this band of bad people who will kill you all if they find you. All of you decide to hide in this secret place. However you know that your baby WILL cough and the band will hear him. Then they will find you, your baby, and the townspeople and kill all of you. So you have two choices. Kill the baby or let them find you.
You are a member of a gang and you have been arrested with another member of your gang. Both of you are confined away from each other. The police does not have enough evidence to convict both of you with major charges and instead offer you and the other member a bargain. Remain silent or testify for your gang member
Kohlberg based his theory of moral development on Piagets stages of development theory.
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YES, OH MY GOD THATS IT....THATS IT!!!! YESSSSS \M/
WHAT THE F$%£. NO. nO bRo. just NO.
♪(┌・。・)┌
In the Heinz theory, what stage of moral development are you, if you say that the husband should not steal the drugs due to that entailing him going to jail and let his wife die instead?
Pre-Conventional Stage
Conventional stage
Post Conventional stage
In the Heinz Dillemma, what stage are you in, if you say that the husband should steal the medicine and accept going to jail?
Pre-Conventional
Conventional
Post-Conventional
In the Heinz dillemma, what stage are you in, if you say that the husband should steal the medicine but not go to jail for it?
Pre-Conventional
Conventional
Post-Conventional
What is stage 1 of Kohlbergs 6 stages of Moral Development?
Obedience and Punishment
Self-Interest
Interpersonal accord and confromity
Authority and Maintaining social order
Social contract
What is stage 2 of Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development?
Self-Interest
Obedience and Punishment
Interpersonal accord and conformity
Authority and Maintaing social order
Universal Ethical Principles
What is stage 3 of Kohlbergs 6 stages of Moral Development?
Interpersonal accord and confromity
Obedience and Punishment
Self-interest
Authority and maintaining social order
Universal ethical principles
In stage 5 of Kohlberg's stages of moral develpement, which way of thinking applies?
Does a rule truly serve all members of the community? Should Tom continue beating up his little brothers older bully even though it's against school rules? hmm. I don't think so.
What are the abstract ethical principles that serve my understandings of justice? Lets see it from all sides and understands Tom's and the bullies views and feel some compassion.
·How can I maintain social order? The rule is no fighting, this must stop at once as it is breaking a very big rule!!
What will others think of me? If I go help out Tom, then my school reputation will be affected drastically, I better stay out of this one.
In stage 6 of Kohlberg's stages of moral develpement, which way of thinking applies?
Does a rule truly serve all members of the community? Should Tom continue beating up his little brothers older bully even though it's against school rules? hmm. I don't think so.
What are the abstract ethical principles that serve my understandings of justice? Lets see it from all sides and understands Tom's and the bullies views and feel some compassion.
·How can I maintain social order? The rule is no fighting, this must stop at once as it is breaking a very big rule!!
What will others think of me? If I go help out Tom, then my school reputation will be affected drastically, I better stay out of this one.
What is improved through myelination of the reticular formation?
Attention and selective attention.
Strength and Dexterity
Faster cognitive processing
Emotions and anxiety levels heighten
What does the Reticular formation do?
Regulates the sleep wake cycle and filters incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant backgroun stimuli.
Connects the two hemispheres of the brain
It is in charge of voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions.
It is responsible for alerting us to changes in our environment detected by our senses. This part of the brain is also associated with sexual arousal.
Lateralisation - The connection between the two hemispheres of the brain is made by the _______ ________. The growth of this structure makes the connections better in childhood. 9% of people are _____- brain dominant.
Corpus Callosum/Left
Corpus callosum/Right
Medulla/Right
Medulla/ Left
Thallamus/Left
Left Brain Functions include:
Analytic thought, Logic, Language, Science, and Math.
Holistic thought, intuition, creativity, art and music
At 2 years of age, how tall would a toddler be?
Half as tall as he will be as an adult
A quarter as tall as he will be as an adult
As tall as the mothers waist.
Exactly half a metre.
What are the three distinct growth phases that are identified via growth spurts in adolescence?
Bones, Muscles/fat, The enodcrine and reproductive systems
Sense organs, Motor cortex, The endocrine and reproductive system
Hair, Nails and eyelashes
Bones, The reproductive and endocrine system and hands
Hand, Wrist, Ankle and Foot all have _____ bones at birth than they will have at full maturity. They grow from ______ that would have already been connected. This process occurs earlier in _____.
Fewer, cartilage, girls
More, tendons, girls
Fewer, calcium, boys
More, cartilage, boys
What is the Spongey part of the skull of a baby called?
The fontanels
The fetal skull
The metopic structure
The lambdoid structure
The quality of the bone’s change, loses significant water content, gains calcium and hence become much harder. This process is called
Ossification
Ossifying fibroma
Fontanellium
Ossiferoustion
What is the main reason for female muscles not growing as think or long as males?
Hormone differences
Generally less interested in sports and exercise
Less food intake
Social Identification and pressure
At birth, girls have ____ fat tissue than boys. In adolescence fat proporions ____ among girls and may _____ among boys.
More, Rise, Lower
More, Lower, Rise
Less, Rise, Lower
Less, Lower, Lower
Stamina is linked to the growth of _______ and ________.
Heart and lungs
Heart and Muscles
Lungs and Muscles
Muscles and Trachea
Motor development includes both movement skills (______________), which develop earlier (although both are present at birth) and fine motor skills (___________) which take more time to develop.
Gross Motor Skills, manipulative skills
Motor Skills, cerebellum skills
Motion skills, Delicate movement skills
Sensori-Motor Skills, Manipulative Skills
The ________ gland provides the signal for hormones to be released from other glands. It also secretes increased levels of _________ hormones in puberty which are linked to the secretion of sex hormones.
Pituitary, Gonadotropic
Pituitary, sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen)
Hypothalamus, Gonadotropic
Hypothalamus, sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen)
Primary sexual characteristics - Males
Growth of testes
Growth of penis
Body hair growth
Deepening of voice
Muscles develop more rapidly
Primary sexual characteristic - Female
Growth of ovaries
Growth of uterus
Growth of Vagina
Growth of body hairs
Breast development
The first occurrence of menstruation is called
Menarche
Period
Exo-homoglobin
Oestradiol
Which gender displays more psychological and adjustment difficulties when developing?
Girls
Boys
Trick Question-Equal
The discrepancy between a teenaged girl's internal model of puberty and her experiential reality, can cause psychological problems. It is due to this that researchers are now saying to focus not on the ____ but on the _____________________.
When, Effects of the meaning that puberty has on the girl.
How, Sexual implications that come with puberty.
Effects, Timing of puberty itself
When, Hormone levels that are present in the girl
Finish this: Aslin's model of
Enviromental Influence
Ecology
Ecological Influence
Epigenetic mapping
Nurturing Influence
John Watson pushed for rigid feeding schedules for infants and an orderly approach to child rearing. Who urged parents not to engage in conflicts over issues such as weaning and toilet training, and to display affection to their children?
Benjamin Spock
B.F. Skinner
Freud
J. Peterson
There are 3 broad goals in the study of child development:
To understand changes that appear to be universal.
To explain individual differences.
To understand how children’s behaviour is influenced by the environmental context or situation.
To assist patients through one on one clinical therapy.
To condition individuals in mays that may promote their healthy development.
Who out of the following believed that at least some knowledge is inborn?
Plato
Descartes
John Watson
A. Maslow
Freud
Who of the following, believed that development involved an interaction between internal and external forces?
Rousseau
Vygotski
Piaget
J. Watson
Plato
Discontinuous development hints at a
Qualitative Change
Quantitative Change
Gene-Enviroment Interaction:
A Child's genes may affect his enviroment and vice-versa.
A child's behaviour in his enviroment, will be affected by his genes.
A child will try adapt his enviroment due to how his genes have shaped his personality. (neat or tidy)
A child's enviroment does not affect his genes.
A set or core ideas about the self and relationsips with others, though which all subsequent experience is filtered, is called a/n
Internal model of experience
Personality
A counter transferance of the self
Bias
In The Draw a persn test, a child between 5 – 10 years,
won’t have hand eye coordination
cannot manipulate the pen
Is able to represent an object/person
Can integrate two scenes such as a mother looking out of her house window, looking at her child who is peaking out from behind a tree outside, who is looking back at her.
Can draw a man holding an apple
The following is a clinical evaluation developed to help identify children with developmental delay who may require intervention services
Bayley Scales of infant and Toddler Development
Adaptive behaviour tests
IQ tests
Adam's Scales of infant and Toddler Development
Are Neo-Piagetian theories domain general or domain specific?
Domain General
Domain Specific
Is your working memory capacity limited or unlimited?
Limitied
Unlimited
Example/s of automaticity:
Reading a paragraph and not understanding anything because you were thinking about that crush of yours.
While driving and talking to my friend about Crypto and Elon Musk, I drove to work cause thats where I frequent the most.
While playing tennis, my coach decides to play a joke and turn up the speed of the ball tosser, I hit every single one of them as I automatically picked up speed.
My friend yells '' THINK FAST'' and throws a ball at my face. I take his advice and catch the ball.
''I can't find my lighter... Where did I leave it last?'' - This is a sign of
Metacognition
Working memory capacity
Automaticity
Information processing
One of the four learning processes, Problem solving, is as follows:
Problem situation + Goal = Strategy?
Problem situation + strategy = Goal?
Problem situation = ?
Goal = ?
Strategy = ?
Goal + Strategy = Problem Situation?
One of the 4 learning processes is exploration, which is as follows:
Problem situation + goal - ???strategy
problem situation + strategy = ???goal
-? problem - ??goal – Strategy??
One of the four learning processes, Imitation is as follows:
Problem situation + goal - ???strategy
– problem situation + strategy = ???goal
? problem - ??goal – Strategy??
One of the four learning processes is __________________ and is where the instructor and the child are adapting to each other to learn.
Mutual regulation
Exploration
Problem Solving
Social Introjection
Counter Transference
In Aslin's model of enviromental influence, how many models does he mention?
2
3
4
5
6
The first model is
maturation
maintenance
facilitation
Attunement
Induction
This following model describes a pattern in which some environmental input is necessary to sustain a skill that has already developed. Tick the name and number of the model.
Maintenance
Maturation
Facilitation
2
3
This following model states that a skill or behaviour develops earlier than it normally would because of experience. Tick the name and number of the model.
Facilitation
Maintenance
Attunement
3
4
The following model in aslins's model of enviromental influence, gives a permanent head start/gains.
Induction
Attunement
Facilitation
Maintenance
This following model describes a purely environmental effect. In the absence of experience, a particular behaviour does not develop at all. Tick the name and number of the model.
Induction
Attunement
Facilitation
Maintanance
Who is behind the ecological perspective in psychology?
Bronfenbrenner
Aslin
Piaget
Vygotski
Brunner
What is the ecological perspectives circles, in order?
Micro, meso, exo , marcro, chrono
Meso, exo, macro, chromo, micro
meso, micro, exo, macro, chrono
Macro, Micro, Exo, Meso, Chorno
Tick everything that is included in one's microsystem.
The setting in which an individual lives and frequents.
Home and school
Interactions are reciprocative
The connections between contexts: School and home
A father having to change job.
Tick everything that is included in one's mesosystem.
The relations between microsystems
the connections between contexts: grandparents and home
The relation of family to school
The attitudes/ideologies of the culture in which an individual lives
The setting in which an individual lives and frequents
Tick everything that is included in one's exosystem.
The environment is external to the child but still affects the child.
Mum's best friend
A war
A new discovery of a illness.
The attitudes/ideologies of the culture in which an individual lives.
Tick everything that is included in one's macrosystem.
Culture
Religion
Democracy
Ethnicity
School
Coming out as gay in the 1970's is different to coming out as gay in 2021 in Malta. This is due to what system in Bronnfenbrenners Ecological perspective?
Chronosystem
Macrosystem
Microsystem
Exosystem
What are seen as a Non- normative events in the Chronosystem?
Sudden death in family
Divorce
Marriage
Retirement
Winning the lottery
The same environment may produce different outcomes with every different child. What perspective does this statement fall under?
Vulnerability and resilience
The ecological enviroment
Enviromental influence
Nurture
In a cross- cutural research we compare different cultures for identification of universality and improvement of people's lives. This is called:
Ethnography
Epistemology
Anthropology
Sociology
Cultology
Sperm is alive for
24 HRS
72HRS
48HRS
12HRS
What is he combination of the sperm and egg at it's begining?
Zygote
Fetus
Embryo
gamete
Where are chromossomes found?
In the Nucleus of every cell in our body
In the cytoplasm of every cell in our body
In the gametes
In the every specialised brain cell (neurons) in our body
How many pairs of chomosomes do we have in each cell?
23
22
21
24
Sex cells divide through
Meiosis
Mitosis
Miosis
Milosis
Blue eyes, flat feet, red hair and thin lips are
Recessive genes
Dominant Genes
Submissive Genes
Phenotype genes
A female has __ Chromosomes
XX
XY
YY
The male sperm has a
X Chromosome
Y Chromosome
Either or
A female gamete will have a
x Chromosome
Y Chromosome
Either or
If, in a genetic locus, I have a dominant gene and a ressesive gene, what pattern will I have?
Homozygous
Heterozygous
If, in a genetic locus, I have two genes that carry the same instruction, what pattern will I have?
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Who wanted to find out why we come out the way we do?
Erik Erikson
Gregor Mendel
Urie Bronnfenbrenner
Bandura
A _________ shows the genotypes two individuals can produce when crossed.
Punnet
Rubix
Genotropic
Geno Mapping
John is a very thin and tall. So is all his family. This is due to
His excersise routine
His diet
Genotype
Phenotype
Paul is extremely fit due to his workout routine but his family are all overweight. This is his
Dominant Gene
Recessive Gene
Genotype
Phenotype
Which if the following statements are true?
Dominant genes - Dimples, curly hair and freckles
Recessive genes - Straight hair, blue eyes
Height does not follow the dominant and recessive gene
Dominant features - Height
Two Dominant genes in a Punnet square can sometimes cancel each other out.
Who coined the term maturation?
Gesell
Aslin
Bronnfenbrenner
Bandura
A child kept in a basement was found to have weak bones and muscles so he could not walk for a long time afte rbeing released. This is
Nurture affecting nature
Nature affectign nurture
What is the reason of an instance were a cat adopts a family of ducks?
Critical period for the mother
Cuteness
Gene-Environment interaction
Maturational conditioning
Does language fall under the critical or sensitive periods in maturational development?
sensitive
critical
If you hold a rattle from the top, not the bottm, a baby would look down. This is due to
pre-existing biases and constraints
Image reversal in the occipital lobe
Problems with perception
The babies innate understanding of gravity
Refering to the study of Behaviour genetics, tick the boxes containing the subjects usually used for experiments.
Fraternal twins
Identical twins
Adopted children
Delinquents in juvinile establishments
A mother who is anxious will give birth to an anxious child and by being the childs caregiver, further worsens the childs anxiety. This is due to
Gene-environment interaction
Behaviour genetics
Interal models of experience
Inborn biases and constraints
Robert says he hates online lectures, he doesn't feel involved and gets distracted much quicker.
Joseph loves online lectures, he is much more relaxed and doesn't have to worry about looking good.
These two students have different views on the same experience, this is noted in the study of
Internal models of experiences
Behaviour genetics
Gene-environment interaction
Inborn biases and constraints
When is the ovum released from one of the ovaries?
Midway between periods
At the end of a period
At the begining of a period
Which chromosome is the sex chromosome?
17
14
20
23
5
Pollygenetic inheritance occurs when
A characteristic is controled by more than one gene
A person is born with more than 23 pairs of chromosomes
Tranmission is affected both by genes and the environment
the set of actual observed characteristics, a product of the genotype, environmental influences from the time of conception onward, and the interaction between the two
Multifactiorial transmission refers to
Many genes are at play
Defects are due to genes and the environment
implies that children inherit genes located outside the nucleus of the zygote, found only in the ovum before it is fertilised
genes are biochemically marked at the time ova and sperm develop in the bodies of potential mothers and fathers
Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are due to a phenomina called
Genomic imprinting
Pollygenics
Multifactorial transmission
Herpetology
Mitochndrial inheritance is mainly
Maternal
Inherited from the father
A phenotype
Linked to PraderWilli Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome
Mitochondrial inheritance implies that
Children inherit genes located outside the nucleus of the zygote, found only in the ovum before it is fertilised
Some genes are biochemically marked at the time ova and sperm develop in the bodies of potential mothers and fathers
Transmission is affected both by genes and the environment
A single dominant gene carries more weight than a recessive gene
Fraternal twins develop when
Two ova have been produced and both have been fertilised, each by a separate sperm
A single fertilised ovum separates into two parts, with each part developing into a separate individual
Meiosis goes wrong
The zygote divides mitotically
When does the germinal stage end?
When the sperm and ovum make contact
When the zygote is implanted in the walls of the uterus
When menstruation happens
When menarche takes place
The embryonic stage ends when
Organogenisis is complete
When the zygote implants on the uterus
When birth takes place
Some mad scientist looks for stem cells
Which is the correct order?
The germinal stage; the embryonic stage; the foetal stage
the embryonic stage; the foetal stage; The germinal stage;
The germinal stage; the foetal stage; the embryonic stage;
The major growth in foetal size occurs _____ in the foetal period.
early
late
The male embryo secretes testosterone as from the ___ month of conception.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
____ progress faster in skeletal prenatal development, though on average ____are born longer and heavier.
Girls; boys
Boys; girls
More ____ than _____ are concieved.
Males; Females
Females; Males
More _____ are spontaneously aborted. They also are more likely to present with congenital malformations and injuries at birth. In utero, they are more vulnerable to external stressors.
Males
Females
Twins
The foetus can distinguish between familiar and novel stimuli. Moreover, newborns seem to remember stimuli to which they had been exposed prenatally.
Man thats true I swear
No way thats true
PKU, sickle cell anaemia and Tay-Sachs and Huntington’s are
Autosomal disorders
Sex linked disorders
Phenotypes
Eukaryotes
Red-green colour blindeness, haemophilia and fragile x syndrome are
Sex-linked disorders
Autosomal disorders
Mitchondric conditions
Cytokinesises
A trisomy
Is a condition in which there are 3 copies of a particular autosome
Is linked with incomplete or incorrect division of either chromosome
Are caused by recessive genes
Are caused by dominant genes
Teratogens are
Anything wrong in the outside environment
Anything wrong in the mother
Bacteria cells that can grown inside a foetus
Conditions in which there are 3 copies of a particular autosome
