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WorksheetsPBOT (midterm)
Total questions: 98
Worksheet time: 1hrs 17mins
Are cylindrical structures which are
usually located beneath the surface
of the soil through which materials
move from the soil to various part of
the plant
root
primary root
secondary root
tertiary root
adventitious root
The first root formed which is the
extension of the embryonic root or
radicle which is the growing tip of the
hypocotyl.
root
primary root
secondary root
tertiary root
adventitious root
Roots arising from the primary root.
root
primary root
secondary root
tertiary root
adventitious root
Roots arising from the secondary
roots whose branches are called
rootlets.
root
primary root
secondary root
tertiary root
adventitious root
Roots which arise from the plant
structures other than roots.
root
primary root
secondary root
tertiary root
adventitious root
Consists of several main roots that
branch to form a dense mass of
intermeshed lateral roots
FIBROUS or DIFFUSE ROOT SYSTEM
TAPROOT SYSTEM
Produced after the death of radicle
FIBROUS or DIFFUSE ROOT SYSTEM
TAPROOT SYSTEM
Delicate and hair-like
FIBROUS or DIFFUSE ROOT SYSTEM
TAPROOT SYSTEM
No prominent enlarged primary root
FIBROUS or DIFFUSE ROOT SYSTEM
TAPROOT SYSTEM
Consists of one main stem which
arises lateral roots
FIBROUS or DIFFUSE ROOT SYSTEM
TAPROOT SYSTEM
derived from radicle (embryonic root)
FIBROUS or DIFFUSE ROOT SYSTEM
TAPROOT SYSTEM
In dicot and gymnosperm
FIBROUS or DIFFUSE ROOT SYSTEM
TAPROOT SYSTEM
Secondary growth
FIBROUS or DIFFUSE ROOT SYSTEM
TAPROOT SYSTEM
Fleshy taproot – carrots, beets, radish
FIBROUS or DIFFUSE ROOT SYSTEM
TAPROOT SYSTEM
a thimble-shaped
region that protects the growing tip
of the root
Root Cap Region
Meristematic or Embryonic Region
Region of Elongation or Region of
Cell Enlargement
Region of Maturation or Region of
Cell Differentiation
contains the apical meristem where
the cells are actively dividing and
where the primary meristems are
formed: the protoderm, the ground
meristem and the procambium.
Root Cap Region
Meristematic or Embryonic Region
Region of Elongation or Region of
Cell Enlargement
Region of Maturation or Region of
Cell Differentiation
cells increase in
length which results in the growth or
increase in the length of the roots
Root Cap Region
Meristematic or Embryonic Region
Region of Elongation or Region of
Cell Enlargement
Region of Maturation or Region of
Cell Differentiation
cells have
already attained their final structural
characteristics.
Root Cap Region
Meristematic or Embryonic Region
Region of Elongation or Region of
Cell Enlargement
Region of Maturation or Region of
Cell Differentiation
usually a single layer of cells
derived from the protoderm which covers and protects the inner root
Epidermis or Outer Region/Dermal
region
Cortex or Middle Region
Stele
the region
derived from the ground meristem
and composed of the following
zones:
Epidermis or Outer Region/Dermal
region
Cortex or Middle Region
Stele
consists
of the following:
1) Pericycle – outermost layer
2) Primary xylem – central large
cells
3) Primary phloem (narrow cells
at tips of arms
4) Vascular cambium
Epidermis or Outer Region/Dermal
region
Cortex or Middle Region
Stele
aerial roots arising from main stem which penetrates the ground
Brace root
Prop root
Clinging root
aerial roots arising from
the branches which penetrate the
ground
Brace root
Prop root
Clinging root
aerial roots arising from
the branches which penetrate the
ground
Brace root
Prop root
Clinging root
• Generally expanded and flattened
green structure growing out at the
nodes of the stem.
• Main organ for photosynthesis
(a)
• Cylindrical or flattened structure
which supports and holds the leaf
upright.
• Conducts materials to and from the
leaves.
• May have two small, leaf-like
outgrowths at its base called the
stipules.
• Leaves without petiole are called
sessile leaves.
Petiole or Leaf Stalk
Lamina or Leaf Blade
• Thin, flattened, usually green
expanded part of the leaf
• Variable external features are its
overall shape, apex, margin and base
Petiole or Leaf Stalk
Lamina or Leaf Blade
Parts of Monocot Leaf: The support of the leaf which may completely envelope the stem of a small flap of delicate tissue extending upward called the ligule.
Leaf Sheath
Leaf Blade
Ligules
Auricles
Parts of Monocot Leaf: Thin expanded portion above the sheath
Leaf Sheath
Leaf Blade
Ligules
Auricles
Parts of Monocot Leaf: are membranous or hairy tissues located at the junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath
Leaf Sheath
Leaf Blade
Ligules
Auricles
Parts of Monocot Leaf: are slender extensions of the collar and are located at the junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath.
Leaf Sheath
Leaf Blade
Ligules
Auricles
A. LEAF BLADE CONFIGURATION-the blade consists of
only one piece
Simple leaf
Compound leaf
A. LEAF BLADE CONFIGURATION-the blade is divided
into segments called leaflets or
pinnae; the stalk of each leaflet
known as petiolule.
Simple leaf
Compound leaf
Compound Leaf- the leaflets are attached to an
extension of the petiole called
rachis.
Pinnately Compound Leaf
Palmately Compound Leaf
Compound Leaf- the leaflets radiate from the upper end or tip of the
leafstalk
Pinnately Compound Leaf
Palmately Compound Leaf
VENATION-veins branch profusely and form a network over the blade; found in dicots
Netted or reticulate venation
Parallel Venation
Phyllotaxy
VENATION- veins do not form
a network; found in monocots
Netted or reticulate venation
Parallel Venation
Phyllotaxy
VENATION- system of leaf
arrangement on the stem
Netted or reticulate venation
Parallel Venation
Phyllotaxy
Position in Leaf Orientation
• Leaves are horizontally oriented
• The upper or ad-axial surface
receiving direct sunlight
Dorsiventral or Bifacial Leaves
Isobilateral or Equifacial Leaves
Position in Leaf Orientation
• Leaves are vertically oriented
• The two surfaces receiving direct
sunlight
Dorsiventral or Bifacial Leaves
Isobilateral or Equifacial Leaves
Are plant organs which are
continuations of the roots usually
located above the surface of the soil.
(a)
A woody plant’s main stem
(a)
a young stem (1 yr or less) with
leaves
shoot
twig
A young stem (1 year old or less) that
is in the dormant winter stage (has
no leaves).
shoot
twig
A stem that is more than 1 year old,
typically with lateral stems radiating
from it.
(a)
Classification of Stems
A. BASED ON TOUGHNESS
found in BOTH monocot and dicot plants
Herbaceous stems
Woody stems
Suffrutescent stems
Classification of Stems
A. BASED ON TOUGHNESS
found ONLY in dicot plants
Herbaceous stems
Woody stems
Suffrutescent stems
Classification of Stems
A. BASED ON TOUGHNESS
stems are woody only at the base
Herbaceous stems
Woody stems
Suffrutescent stems
TYPES OF BUDS
BASED ON LOCATION AND POSITION ON THE STEM
-at the end of the stem
Terminal or apical bud
Lateral or axillary bud
Accessory or supernumerary bud
Adventitious bud
TYPES OF BUDS
BASED ON LOCATION AND POSITION ON THE STEM
at the upper
angle formed by the leaf stalk and
the stem called the leaf axil
Terminal or apical bud
Lateral or axillary bud
Accessory or supernumerary bud
Adventitious bud
TYPES OF BUDS
BASED ON LOCATION AND POSITION ON THE STEM
beside and above the axillary bud.
Terminal or apical bud
Lateral or axillary bud
Accessory or supernumerary bud
Adventitious bud
TYPES OF BUDS
BASED ON LOCATION AND POSITION ON THE STEM
on other parts of
the plant such as leaves, roots, or
internodes.
Terminal or apical bud
Lateral or axillary bud
Accessory or supernumerary bud
Adventitious bud
• Group of leaves modified or adapted
for reproduction in the
ANGIOSPERMS
• Highly condensed and modified
reproductive shoot
• It functions to facilitate important
events of gamete formation and
fusion (carry out special reproduction
in plants)
(a)
• Enclose the outer flower parts in the
bud, outermost whorl of the flower
• Generally green in color and all the
sepals taken COLLECTIVELY constitute
the CALYX
(a)
Duration of Sepals
sepals fall just at the time
of opening of flower bud (Poppy)
Caducous
Deciduous
Persistant
Duration of Sepals
sepals fall after
pollination (Mustard)
Caducous
Deciduous
Persistant
Duration of Sepals
If sepals DO NOT fall and
remain attached to fruit (Tomato,
Capsicum, Brinjal, Cotton, Datura)
Caducous
Deciduous
Persistant
sepals are fused
with each other (cotton, datura,
brinjal)
Poly-sepalous
Gamosepalous
all sepals are
free from each other (mustard,
radish)
Poly-sepalous
Gamosepalous
Usually the conspicuous, colored,
attractive part of a flower, when
taken together constitute the
COROLLA
(a)
male part of the
flower lying inner
to the corolla;
grouping of
stamens (anther,
filament and
connective) is
called
ANDROECIUM
(a)
The female part of the flower which
comprises the central whorl of
modified floral leaves; collectively
called the GYNOECIUM
(a)
• The enlarged end of the flower stem
or stalk
• The part where the sepals, petals,
stamens, and pistils are attached
(a)
–calyx, corolla,
androecium and gynoecium are
present
Complete flower
Incomplete flower
flower with one
of the four whorl missing; lacking one
or more of the calyx, corolla,
androecium and gynoecium
Complete flower
Incomplete flower
aka bisexual or
hermaphroditic flower
Perfect flower
Imperfect flower
aka unisexual
flower; it’s either gynoecium or
androecium
Perfect flower
Imperfect flower
staminate
and pistillate flowers are present
on the same plant
- EX: squash and corn
Monoecious plants
Dioecious plants
staminate and
pistillate flowers are born on
separate plants
- EX: papaya
Monoecious plants
Dioecious plants
• Insect pollinated flowers
• Modifications: brightly colored,
scented, with sticky or spiny
pollen, sticky stigmas, produces
nectar
Entomophilous flowers
Anemophilous flowers
Hydrophilous flowers
Zoophilous flowers
• Wind pollinated flowers
• Modifications: inconspicuous
flower without scent, with small
and dry pollen grains, expanded
stigmas, do not produce nectar
Entomophilous flowers
Anemophilous flowers
Hydrophilous flowers
Zoophilous flowers
• Water pollinated flower
• Modifications: similar to
anemophilous flowers
Entomophilous flowers
Anemophilous flowers
Hydrophilous flowers
Zoophilous flowers
• Animal pollinated flowers
• Modifications: similar to
entomophilous flowers
Entomophilous flowers
Anemophilous flowers
Hydrophilous flowers
Zoophilous flowers
The process of manufacturing food in
plants, mainly sugar, form carbon
dioxide and water in the presence of
chlorophyll, utilizing light energy and
releasing oxygen gas.
(a)
• The ripened ovary of the flower
• Protects seeds, aid in their
dissemination, and may be factor in
timing their germination
(a)
B. BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
develops from 1 ovary
simple fruit
compound fruit
B. BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
develops from several ovary
simple fruit
compound fruit
The transfer of fruits and seeds to
distant places
(a)
DISPERSAL
• Seeds and fruits dispersed by ____ are generally light and may have some structural
adaptations like wings and plumes
• Some are simply dispersed by
the violent splitting of the pericarp
wind
animal
water
DISPERSAL
• Seeds and fruits dispersed by
_____ have spines or barbs
that adhere to animal fur.
• Seeds of many fruits pass
through the digestive tract
without being digested and are
still viable when egested.
• Seeds may be sticky and carried
on the feet of some birds
wind
animal
water
DISPERSAL
• Fruits dispersed by water are
buoyant
wind
animal
water
Is the beginning of the growth of the
seed, spore, bud, or other structures.
(a)
staminate
and pistillate flowers are present
on the same plant
Monoecious plants
Dioecious plants
staminate and pistillate flowers are born on separate plants
Monoecious plants
Dioecious plants
With 2 cotyledons
Dicotyledonous seeds
Monocotyledonous seeds
With 1 cotyledons
Dicotyledonous seeds
Monocotyledonous seeds
Zone of the cortex that is a thick layer consisting of several layers of parenchyma
(a)
This is a single layer of parenchyma which persists as a type of meristimatic tissue
(a)
These are meristimatic cells between the primary xylem and the primary phloem
(a)
Zone of cortex consisting of a single layer of thick-walled cells
(a)
Region of root responsible for water absorption
(a)
This is a continuous ring of cells outer the cambium
(a)
This is the stem piece which is grafted
(a)
Removal of diseases, broken or otherwise undesired branch
(a)
Outer part of the wood
(a)
Other name of vascular bundle
(a)
Stem + leaves is called (a)
Cells in the midrib that is inner to the epidermis
(a)
