• (a)   vessels- pass through the renal columns between the pyramids

(a)   •“ARC” around the distal end of the pyrimids

•The arcuate vessels send out (a)   vessels that go into the cortex

•main artery entering the renal hilus

(a)  

main vein exiting the kidney

(a)  

–azotemia: ­BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) means increased nitrogenous wastes in blood, this could lead to:

–Uremia: Literally urea in the blood, toxic effects on the body as wastes accumulate

THIS IS DESCRIBING?

(a)  

•- most of the nephrons are what type?

–Lie in the cortex mostly

–Has SHORT loop of Henle

(a)  

• (a)   nephrons (15%)- small amount of nephrons

–Lie in the cortex BUT close to the medulla

–Has LONG loop of Henle that go into the deepest region of the medulla

•A leaky barrier, formed by glomerular capillaries

•Permits: filtration of water and small solutes

•Prevents: proteins, blood cells from going through

(a)  

•Remember, ALL capillaries filter ( (a)   Law) they all have pressure in them

•Principle of filtration = Forcing fluids and solutes through a membrane by pressure

•But the glomerular capillaries filters more

•3 reasons:

•1.) Large surface area

•2.) Thin and leaky

•3.) High blood pressure- the efferent blood vessels are small, the afferent bigger

Glucose in the urine is termed what? (Not Diabetes, that is the disease you may be thinking, but the actual finding of glucose in the urine is called?)

(a)  

External urethral sphincter

skeletal muscle, (a)   control

Voluntary or Involuntary?

BUN–,____ _____ _____ the result of protein metabolism, increased BUN is bad

–Indications are renal disease or obstruction of the urinary tract

What does BUN stand for?

(a)  

•Ketones- By products from fatty acid metabolism, fasting, anorexia and high fat/ low carbohydrates diets can raise ketones. Also seen in diabetes, correlate with "_____ _____ and not ____ ____"

Type your answer as above including the "and not"

(a)  

•excessive if RBCs being destroyed by macrophages

If found in dipstick.

(a)  

• (a)   - If found in the urine, it is indicative of Anemia, liver problems, mono

Urine’s color should be yellow to amber, (red urine? Usually not blood but (a)  

•Odor of urine- Should not be sweet smelling

–If it is sweet smelling then suspect (a)  

Medical Term for Bedwetting

(a)  

Medical Term for: •peeing too much, a bird’s urine

(a)