This measures the amount of light absorbed by element in ground state and dissociated by chemical bond

This measures the amount of energy produced from heat excitation of electrons

This measures the amount of energy absorbed by excitation of higher energy level than the original then returns to original and lower than the original

Light scattered by particular solution

Light blocked by particular solution

Potential voltage between two electrodes.

Electric current at a single applied electrode.

Titrant is electrochemically generated.

Movement of ions in a medium based on their electric charges and molecular size

Separation based on solubility to phases based on physical characteristics

Ionizes the target molecule and measures the mass of molecule or fragment

Based on fragmentation and ionization of molecules

Light absorbance at 2 different wavelength

Amount of dissolved substance in a solution.

Total amount of dissolved particles.