controlling distortion over the entire joint

putting too little heat in the joint for a successful weld

putting too much heat in the joint for a successful weld.

controlling the atmosphere around the metal on both sides of the joint

toughness

hardness

ductility

malleability

2 1/4 inch

2 1/8 inch

2 1/16 inch

2 1/3 inch

$\frac{1}{6}$ INCH

$\frac{3}{16}$ INCH

$\frac{3}{8}$ INCH

$\frac{1}{2}$ INCH

$\frac{1}{6}$ INCH

$\frac{3}{16}$ INCH

$\frac{3}{8}$ INCH

$\frac{1}{2}$ INCH