WorksheetsUs History Jumpsart Final Exam Quiz
Total questions: 185
Worksheet time: 2hrs 33mins
Pueblo Indians lived in what is now:
the southwestern United States
Central America
the northeastern United States
the eastern United States
The Pueblo Indians encountered by the Spanish in the sixteenth century:
were called mound builders for the burial mounds they created
had engaged in settled village life only briefly before the Spanish arrived
used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production
had been almost completely isolated from any other people before the Spanish arrived
When Europeans arrived, many Native Americans:
learned their languages
simply attacked them
immediately opened treaty negotiations
tried to use them to enhance their standing with other Native Americans
How did Native Americans conceive of property?
Individuals could own land outright and pass it on to family members
Families might use a specific plot of land for a season
Native Americans believed that land should never be claimed
Native Americans and Europeans conceived of property in the same way, though Europeans claimed otherwise as an excuse to take Indian land
Europeans—particularly the English, French, and Dutch—generally claimed North American Indian land as their own based on:
various papal decrees that privileged the claims of European Christians over those of Indian “heathens.”
financial transactions between Indian peoples and themselves
the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494
their view that Indians did not use the land properly
What geographic error did Columbus make?
He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean
He thought the earth was not round, but flat
He grossly underestimated the size of the earth
He was certain that India was east of the Americas
Amerigo Vespucci:
agreed with Columbus that Native Americans were East Indians
helped to correct Columbus’s theory that he had found a route to Asia
named the New World after himself
was funded by the English
Which of the following was NOT a technique that Spanish conquistadores used to conquer Native American empires?
Negotiating treaties
Relying upon the spread of diseases, even though they may not have been introduced intentionally
Kidnapping a leader and holding him for ransom
Dividing and conquering them by taking advantage of old rivalries
The Columbian Exchange was:
the agreement that documented what Christopher Columbus would give to Spanish leaders in return for their sponsorship of his travel to the New World
the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World
John Cabot’s exploration of the New World, which brought more of the goods that Columbus had found back to the Old World
responsible for introducing corn, tomatoes, and potatoes to the Americas
The Spanish justified their claim to land in the New World through all of the following EXCEPT:
a missionary zeal
believing that their culture was superior to that of the Indians
defeating the English fleet in 1588
violence
How did Spain justify enslaving Native Americans?
The Spanish actually never enslaved Native Americans; the charge that they did was simply part of the Black Legend spread by the English and other enemies
The writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas explained that the Bible approved slavery and that therefore it was acceptable
Pope Alexander VI had approved Spanish slavery but banned slavery in Portuguese holdings in the New World
The Spanish believed that enslavement could liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization
Bartolomé de Las Casas argued that Indians:
were treated well by the Spanish
should enjoy “all guarantees of liberty and justice” as subjects of Spain
should overthrow their cruel Spanish masters and reestablish the Inca and Aztec empires
could be enslaved because they lacked true religion
How did French involvement in the fur trade change life for Native Americans?
The English and French quests for beaver pelts prompted a surge in the Native American population
The French were willing to accept Native Americans into colonial society
Native Americans benefited economically but were able to avoid getting caught in European conflicts and rivalries
It forced Native Americans to learn new trapping techniques that were far superior to their old ways
The 104 settlers who remained in Virginia after the ships that brought them from England returned home
included women and children, because the Virginia Company realized that a stable society would improve the settlers’ chances of success, economic and otherwise
included representatives of several other countries, part of England’s effort to build a strong network of supporters in case of Spanish attack
built the second permanent British settlement in North America after Roanoke
were all men, reflecting the Virginia Company’s interest in searching for gold as opposed to building a functioning society
Which one of the following lists these colonies in the proper chronological order by the dates they were founded, from the earliest to the latest?
Plymouth, Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island
Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Jamestown
Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island
Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island
Why did England consider Spain its enemy by the late 1500s?
Because one of Henry VIII’s beheaded wives was a Spanish princess, and the Spanish government announced it would be at war with England until Henry apologized
Because of religious differences: England had officially broken with the Roman Catholic Church, while Spain was devoutly Catholic
Because Spain had allied with France to invade English colonies in the New World
Because of the Spanish Armada’s successful invasion of Great Britain in 1588
Most seventeenth-century migrants to North America from England:
were lower-class men
had been released from debtors’ prisons
were single, middle-class men
arrived with other members of their families
How did indentured servants display a fondness for freedom?
Some of them ran away or were disobedient toward their masters
They became abolitionists, fighting to end slavery in British North America
They insisted on their right to serve in the militia, because they believed in the right to bear arms
They sent letters home telling their fellow Englishmen that the American colonies offered special opportunities for freedom
Intermarriage between English colonists and Native Americans in Virginia:
created a mixed race of Native Americans who often wound up enslaved
was very rare before being outlawed by the Virginia legislature in 1691
was common
began with the wedding of John Smith and Pocahontas
Which of the following best describes how the English viewed Native American ties to the land?
Although they felt the natives had no claim since they did not cultivate or improve the land, the English usually bought their land, albeit through treaties they forced on Indians
They simply tried to wipe out Native Americans and then took their land
They totally respected those ties and let the natives stay in all rural areas, negotiating settlements to obtain the coastal lands
The English offered natives the chance to remain on the land as slaves and, when this offer was declined, forced them off of it
How did the Virginia Company reshape the colony’s development?
It required all settlers to grow tobacco, a highly profitable crop
It gave control back to the king, who straightened out its problems
It instituted the headright system, giving fifty acres of land to each colonist who paid for his own or another’s passage
It created an executive committee that really ran the colony and a committee of colonists who thought they were running it
The Virginia House of Burgesses:
was created as part of the Virginia Company’s effort to encourage the colony’s survival
was dissolved by King James because he objected to all representative government
had more power than the governor
was included in the original charter for the Jamestown Colony
What was Virginia’s “gold,” which ensured its survival and prosperity?
cotton
rice
sugar
tobacco
Maryland was established as a refuge for which group?
Catholics
Anglicans
Puritans
Quakers
The Mayflower Compact established
religious toleration and freedom in Massachusetts
the right to emigrate to America
a civil government for the Plymouth Colony
a company chartered to settle New England
In contrast to life in the Chesapeake region, life in New England:
centered on an economy based on one cash crop
allowed for equal legal rights for women and men
did not involve class-based hierarchies
was more family-oriented
In what way was Puritan church membership a restrictive status?
Although all adult male property owners elected colonial officials, only men who were full church members could vote in local elections
Full membership required demonstrating that one had experienced divine grace
Only those who could prove they had received formal education could be members, because the ability to read and discuss sermons was so highly valued
Only property owners could be full members of the church
In regard to religious toleration, the Puritans:
ignored the Reformation
accepted only Christian faiths
encouraged religious dissent
saw only their faith as the truth
Puritans viewed individual and personal freedom as:
dangerous to social harmony and community stability
good, because Massachusetts Bay leaders welcomed debate over religion
vital, because they had been discouraged from enjoying these back in England
dangerous to the individual but good for the community
When Roger Williams established the colony of Rhode Island:
he made sure that it was more democratic than Massachusetts Bay
he felt that too much democracy would be bad because it might interfere with religious freedom
the colony became a haven for Protestants of all kinds, but it banned Jews
the king refused to give it a charter, and it remained a renegade colony until Williams died
In the seventeenth century, New England’s economy:
relied heavily on indentured servants in the labor force
grew at a very slow rate because few settlers moved to the region
centered on family farms and also involved the export of fish and timber
suffered because most early settlers were poor and could not gain access to land
Which colony adopted the Act Concerning Religion in 1649, which institutionalized the principle of religious toleration?
Rhode Island
Maryland
Connecticut
Virginia
What was the impact of King Philip’s War (1675–1676)?
Great Britain formed the New England Confederation to protect against Native American depredations
Massachusetts banned all Native Americans from living within its borders
In the long run the war produced a broadening of freedom for whites in New England
New England’s tribes united against the colonists
Carolina grew slowly until:
slaves were brought into the colony
the king forced the English poor to settle in the area
cotton was introduced into the colony
rice as a staple crop was discovered to be extremely profitable
To Quakers, liberty was:
extended to women but not to blacks
limited to white, landowning men
limited to the spiritually inclined
a universal entitlement
Pennsylvania’s treatment of Native Americans was unique in what way?
Pennsylvania purchased Indian land that was then resold to colonists and offered refuge to tribes driven out of other colonies
The colony bought all of the land the Native Americans occupied and moved them west of the Appalachians, meaning that Indians were relocated but not decimated
Because Quakers were pacifists, they had to bring in militias from other colonies to take over Native American lands
Pennsylvania was the only colony in which efforts at conversion focused on turning Native Americans into Quakers
Slavery developed more slowly in North America than in the English West Indies because:
planters in Virginia and Maryland agreed that indentured servants were far less troublesome
the high death rate among tobacco workers made it economically unappealing to pay more for a slave likely to die within a short time
those living in the British West Indies opposed slavery until the American colonies won their independence in the Revolutionary War
Parliament passed a law in 1643 that gave tax breaks to British West Indian planters who imported slaves but not to American colonists who imported slaves
Bacon’s Rebellion was a response to:
worsening economic conditions in Virginia
Indian attacks in New England
the Salem witch trials
increased slavery in the Carolinas
Bacon’s Rebellion contributed to which of the following in Virginia?
changes in the political style of Virginia’s powerful large-scale planters, who adopted a get-tough policy with small farmers and hired their own militia to enforce their will
generous payments to Native Americans to encourage them to give up their lands to white farmers
a large and sustained increase in the importation of indentured servants
the replacing of indentured servants with African slaves on Virginia’s plantations
In what ways did England reduce colonial autonomy during the 1680s?
Because Charles II and James II were at least closet Catholics, the colonies no longer could have established churches within their borders
It created the Dominion of New England, run by a royal appointee without benefit of an elected assembly
Not at all; this was the era in which colonies achieved autonomy
Charles II revoked the charters of all colonies that had violated the Navigation Acts
Which of the following best sums up population diversity in colonial British America?
Germans were the only non-British group allowed to live in the colonies
From the beginning of British settlement, the colonies were highly diverse in race and religion
Great Britain originally promoted emigration to the colonies as a means of ridding itself of excess population but cut back in the eighteenth century, opening the colonies to a more diverse group of settlers
Great Britain urged professionals and skilled craftspeople to go to its colonies in America because it wanted to create a model society there, but eventually it began to urge vagabonds and “masterless men” to go instead
Which of the following was true of the colonial elite?
They controlled colonial government
Most of them were as wealthy as, if not wealthier than, the British aristocracy
All of them were careful to marry outside of their families
They often encountered financial trouble because they lacked connections to their counterparts back in the mother country.
Which of the following fits the description of a person most likely to have been accused of witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England?
a woman beyond childbearing age who was outspoken, economically independent, or estranged from her husband
a married woman who normally was subservient to her husband and the community, which made her behavior seem all the more bizarre
a single young woman whose attractiveness meant that some saw her as a threat to Puritan values
a widow who presumably was too lonely or too dependent on the community to be taken seriously, but who had to be tried and convicted to keep others from thinking similarly
What sparked a new period of colonial expansion for England in the mid-seventeenth century?
the restoration of the monarchy in 1660
the incredible financial success of the British East India Company
England’s defeat of the Netherlands in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of 1649
a treaty signed with the Iroquois Confederacy
Slave labor in the Chesapeake region increasingly supplanted indentured servitude during the last two decades of the seventeenth century, in part because:
indentured servants began forming associations that went on strike for better conditions
improving conditions in England reduced the number of transatlantic migrants
the opening of the new colony of North Carolina attracted enough whites to make up for the loss of those who would have come to the New World as indentured servants
a monopoly on the slave trade made it easier to import Africans.
Which of the following is NOT a way that colonists undermined traditional Native American agriculture and hunting?
They changed the land to suit their way of life instead of adapting to their new surroundings
Their refusal to build fences and permanent structures created conflict with Native American hunting methods
Their freely roaming pigs and cattle trampled Native American cornfields and gardens.
Their reliance on the fur trade reduced the population of beaver and other animals important to the Native Americans
Maryland was similar to Virginia in that:
tobacco proved crucial to its economy and society
both started out as proprietary colonies
both offered settlers total religious freedom
the king approved the creation of each colony only because of pressure from Parliament
Why did Puritans decide to emigrate from England in the late 1620s and 1630s?
Because so many of them had become separatists, they had to leave England to save their church
The Church of England was firing their ministers and censoring their writings
Puritan leader John Winthrop wanted a high-level position, and leaving England was the only way for him to get it
Charles I had started supporting them, creating conflicts with Catholic nobles
What was Puritan leader and Massachusetts Bay Governor John Winthrop’s attitude toward liberty?
He saw two kinds of liberty: natural liberty, the ability to do evil, and moral liberty, the ability to do good
He believed that individual rights took precedence over the rights of the community
He believed in a dictatorship, with only himself in charge of it
He saw two kinds of liberty: negative liberty, the restricting of freedoms for the sake of others, and positive liberty, the assuring of rights through a constitution
How did English rule affect the Iroquois Confederacy?
The English destroyed the Iroquois Confederacy temporarily but revived it under Sir Edmund Andros’s rule after the Glorious Revolution of 1688
It enabled the Iroquois to build alliances with other tribes against a common enemy
After a series of complex negotiations, both groups aided each other’s imperial ambitions
English oppression drove the Iroquois to the side of the French, who eagerly sought their support
According to the economic theory known as mercantilism:
merchants should control the government because they contributed more than others to national wealth
the government should encourage manufacturing and commerce by keeping its hands off of the economy
colonies existed as a place for the mother country to send raw materials to be turned into manufactured goods
the government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power
William Penn obtained the land for his Pennsylvania colony because:
King Charles I wanted Quakers to have a place where they could enjoy religious toleration
he conquered the Swedes and Dutch who previously had controlled the land
he conquered the Swedes and Dutch who previously had controlled the land
the king wanted to cancel his debt to the Penn family and bolster the English presence in North America
William Penn was a member of which religious group?
Baptist
Puritans
Anglicans
Quakers
Why did the accusations of witchcraft in Salem suddenly snowball in 1692?
The only way to avoid prosecution was to confess and name others
The colonial capital had just been moved to Salem, upsetting the normally staid town
All of the accused were children, and Puritans were determined to force their young to accept their religious traditions or face death
They did not; actually, the number of accusations was average and Salem was highly overrated as a place for charges of witchcraft
The Half-Way Covenant of 1662:
permitted anyone who paid a tithe to be baptized in a Puritan church
set up civil government in Massachusetts
allowed Baptists and Quakers to attend, but not join, Puritan churches
did not require evidence of conversion to receive a kind of church membership
Why did the Pilgrims flee the Netherlands?
England had gone to war with the Netherlands, and the Pilgrims felt caught in the middle
They felt that the surrounding culture was corrupting their children
They sought new opportunities after a severe economic downturn in the Netherlands left many of them unemployed
The Dutch government ordered them to leave because of their radical religious ideas
In Puritan New England:
it was illegal for a woman to have children after the age of twenty-eight, so childbearing began earlier than it did elsewhere
women married at an older age than their English counterparts
most women gave birth at least ten times
infant mortality rates were lower than in the Chesapeake colonies, because the environment was healthier
How did most Puritans view the separation of church and state?
They had never even heard of the concept
The Massachusetts Bay Colony endorsed the Puritan faith but allowed anyone the freedom to practice or not practice religion
They allowed church and state to be interconnected by requiring each town to establish a church and levy a tax to support the minister
They were so determined to keep them apart that they banned ministers from holding office, fearing that they would enact pro-religious legislation
Anne Hutchinson:
was no threat to the Puritan establishment because women were so clearly considered inferior
would have been left alone if she had not also run for a seat in the General Court
angered Puritan authorities by supporting the claims of Roger Williams
opposed Puritan ministers who distinguished saints from the damned through church attendance and moral behavior rather than through focusing on an inner state of grace
When Roger Williams established the colony of Rhode Island:
he felt that too much democracy would be bad because it might interfere with religious freedom
he required voters there to be members of a Puritan church
he made sure that it was more democratic than Massachusetts Bay
the colony became a haven for Protestants of all kinds, but it banned Jews
How did Spain justify enslaving Native Americans?
The Spanish believed that enslavement could liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization
The writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas explained that the Bible approved slavery and that therefore it was acceptable
Pope Alexander VI had approved Spanish slavery but banned slavery in Portuguese holdings in the New World
If England and France were to be defeated in the quest for empire, Spain needed to take a step they had avoided—imposing slavery upon the native population
All of the following were advantages enjoyed by the British during the American Revolution EXCEPT:
the ability to recruit German soldiers to fight for the British
the world’s best navy
a professionally trained army
an intimate knowledge of the terrain
Which of the following is true regarding Congress and the African slave trade in the United States under the Constitution?
Congress always let individual states make their own decisions with regard to importing slaves
Congress prohibited the African slave trade twenty years after ratification of the Constitution
Congress never prohibited this slave trade
The First Congress under the Constitution prohibited the importation of slaves into the United States
Who drafted the Albany Plan of Union?
George Washington
Thomas Jefferson
William Pitt
Benjamin Franklin
The Anti-Federalist James Winthrop argued that a bill of rights was necessary in the Constitution because:
ratification of the Constitution was in doubt without the inclusion of the Bill of Rights
using the examples of Wilkes and Zenger, the protection of speech and press was essential
the right to bear arms for the militia should be guarded by law
it would secure the minority against the usurpation and tyranny of the majority
The Boston Massacre occurred when British soldiers:
killed Indians who were raiding frontier towns
fired on local minutemen guarding an arsenal
fired into a mob and killed a number of Boston residents
captured members of the Sons of Liberty involved in the Boston Tea Party
Why did colonists object to the Tea Act?
By paying it, they would be acknowledging Great Britain’s right to tax the colonists
Because it would aid a different part of the empire than their own, colonists felt that this was the kind of discriminatory action that violated the concept of liberty
The British East India Company made inferior tea, and colonists preferred not to drink it
It raised the tax on tea so much as to make tea prohibitively expensive
Cornwallis was defeated at Yorktown because:
King George III ordered an end to the war
he was overwhelmed by Washington’s much larger and better trained army
he had no land or water escape route
most of his troops were cold, starving, and ready to surrender
Which of the following was a consequence of the Seven Years’ War?
strengthened pride among American colonists about being part of the British empire
the founding of the new colony of Ohio in territory acquired from France
a weakening of liberties as France made gains in North America
the creation of a central colonial government under the Albany Plan of Union
Which of the following does NOT describe those who attended the Constitutional Convention?
A significant percentage had served in the army during the Revolutionary War
Most were better educated than the average American of the time.
Most had earned their wealth after rising from humble origins
Most were prosperous by the standards of the day
All of the following are true of the Declaration of Independence EXCEPT:
it completed the shift of Americans’ focus from their rights as Englishmen to their rights as human beings
its arguments made it a uniquely American document with little relevance to other nations
it celebrated individual self-fulfillment as a central element of American freedom
ultimately, it is an assertion of the right of revolution
Which one of the following did NOT specifically provide for direct or indirect taxes on the colonies?
The Stamp Act
the Declaratory Act
The Townshend Act
The Sugar Act
Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college?
They knew the Constitution would make them unpopular, so they wanted to create a way to avoid letting voters choose the president, thereby giving themselves a chance to be elected
They did not trust ordinary voters to choose the president and vice president directly
Alexander Hamilton wanted a king, James Madison wanted no president, and the result was this compromise so that there could be a president
Small states insisted that they have a chance to play a role in choosing the president, and that wouldn’t have been possible with direct elections
Which of the following was a characteristic of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation?
Congress could amend the Articles by a two-thirds vote
Congress was a two-chambered body, with a House of Delegates and a Council
Congress could not levy taxes or regulate commerce
There were two branches of government—judicial and legislative—but no executive
The French and Indian War began because some American colonists felt that
taxes were too high, so they solicited help from both the French and the Indians
they had to aid the English, who were fighting Napoleon in Europe
France was encroaching on land claimed by the Ohio Company
the Indians along the frontier finally had to be subdued
John Adams recommended George Washington as commander of the Continental army because:
they had an agreement that Adams would then be put in charge of administering the army in the New England colonies
he knew that Washington was weighing an offer from Britain to lead its North American forces
he shared Washington’s view of the importance of natural rights
the fact that Washington was from Virginia could help unify the colonists
In the years immediately before the American Revolution, the concept of natural rights:
led to Parliament’s passage of the Declaratory Act of 1766
contradicted the argument for colonial resistance
caused many American colonists to call for the abolition of the monarchy
greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson’s early writings
What was Congress able to accomplish with its Native American policy under the Articles of Confederation?
Congress recruited enough state militias to force the Native Americans off of their land
Congress demanded and received surrenders of large amounts of Indian land north of the Ohio River and in the South
It negotiated treaties for the tribes to keep their lands, but Congress was so lacking in power that the treaties proved useless
Nothing; Congress was so powerless under the Articles that nothing happened in this area
The New Jersey Plan:
called for a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation in every way
was mainly supported by the smaller, less populated states
contained a gradual emancipation requirement that proved quite controversial
found its greatest support from the Pennsylvania and Massachusetts delegations
With regard to slavery, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
banned slavery in the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River
made no difference, because the U.S. Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional the following year
allowed for new territorial governments to ban or permit the institution as they saw fit
allowed the importation of slaves into the Old Northwest for at least another twenty years
The Olive Branch Petition:
was addressed to King George III and reaffirmed American loyalty to the crown
convinced Thomas Paine that he had enough support to write Common Sense
was meant to ease tensions among the organized political parties within the Continental Congress
was Parliament’s final attempt to explain virtual representation to the colonists
Pontiac's Rebellion:
led Britain to adopt the policy of salutary neglect in its American colonies
established the Mississippi River as the western boundary of British North America
greatly helped the British defeat the French in the Seven Years’ War
although named for an Ottawa warrior, owed its origins as much to the teachings of a religious prophet
What was the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?
to end the slave trade
to open up more land for settlement
to bring stability to the colonial frontier
to protect the Indians
The relationship between the national government and the states is called:
checks and balances
The Constitution
the separation of powers
Federalism
A key consequence of the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 was:
the immediate surrender of all British troops to the Continental army
France became an ally to the United States
General Washington’s decision to retreat to Valley Forge for the winter
the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress
Shays’ Rebellion was significant because it demonstrated:
the need for a stronger central government
that Congress’s attempts to pass pro-debtor laws were unpopular with farmers
that land distribution policies were out of date
that controversies over the emancipation of slaves could turn violent
The Sons of Liberty:
opposed any violent response to the Stamp Act
enjoyed support from New York craftsmen and laborers
caused the Boston Massacre in 1765
won widespread support from New York’s upper classes
The Stamp Act created such a stir in the colonies because:
none of the revenue raised would be spent within the colonies themselves
lawyers were offended that they could be jailed for not using the correct stamp on legal documents
it raised prices on printed products so much that most colonists no longer could afford to buy books and newspapers
it was the first direct tax Parliament imposed on the colonies
The Sugar Act alarmed colonists, in part because it:
made sugar, a key consumer good, too expensive
threatened the profits of colonial merchants already in economic trouble
increased the tax on molasses and made rum more expensive to produce
mandated that violators of the act be tried in a court with a jury
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense:
argued that America would become the home of freedom and “an asylum for mankind.”
made highly original arguments in favor of independence
argued that the British governmental system was perfectly good, but that current officials had corrupted it
led to his arrest on charges of treason, but he saved himself by writing another pamphlet taking the opposite position
The three-fifths clause in the U.S. Constitution:
explicitly declared that slaves were not fully human and were therefore undeserving of legal rights
gave the white South greater power in national affairs than the size of its free population warranted
requires that all revenue bills receive a three-fifths affirmative vote in the U.S. House
made it easier to amend the Constitution than it had been to amend the Articles of Confederation
The Townshend Acts did all of the following EXCEPT:
impose new import duties on glass and tea
encourage some colonies to boycott British goods
raise revenue to pay the salaries of American governors and judges
reaffirm Boston’s decision to abide by the Quartering Act
The Treaty of Paris did NOT:
give the United States territory between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi River
require the restoration of Loyalist property seized by local and state governments
recognize American independence
sever the alliance between the United States and France
Which of the following is true of the Virginia Plan?
It called for each state to have one vote in Congress
It proposed a two-house legislature, with population determining representation in each house
James Madison opposed it, but the other delegates from Virginia supported it
It proposed a one-house legislature, with population determining representation
Virtual representation was the idea:
about representation that most politically active American colonists in the 1760s and 1770s embraced
that the king should appoint delegates to represent the colonies in the British House of Commons
that only those who were elected by a given population could represent that population in a legislative body
that each member of Britain’s House of Commons represented the entire empire, not just his own district
What qualifications did the Constitution, ratified in 1787, impose for voting?
It imposed a property requirement
It specifically banned African-Americans from voting
None; it left voting rules to the states
It allowed all white males over twenty-one to vote and said nothing about women
Most of the text of the Declaration of Independence:
consists of a list of grievances against King George III
is an irrefutable argument for the notion of virtual representation
specifically attacks the idea that Parliament has a right to enact any laws for the colonies
was originally drafted by Benjamin Franklin and then brilliantly edited by Thomas Jefferson
Who wrote the majority of the eighty-five essays in The Federalist?
James Madison
John Adams
Alexander Hamilton
John Jay
In The Federalist, James Madison argued that:
church and state must be linked in order to encourage republican virtue
it was essential that slavery be abolished for liberty to flourish
the large size of the United States was a source of political stability
presidential power must be stronger than that of Congress and the courts
Which of the following is true of American national identity as envisioned by the Constitution of 1787?
The document distinguished only between those defined as American citizens, who were entitled to constitutionally protected rights, and aliens, who were not so entitled
The “people” were free Americans; Native Americans and “other persons,” meaning African-American slaves, were not considered part of the political nation
The Constitution made clear that only civic nationalism, not ethnic nationalism, defined American national identity
The Constitution expressly stated that only white men were entitled to the rights it delineated
Thomas Jefferson believed that African-Americans:
who were held in slavery should be emancipated immediately and that every former slave family should be given a forty-acre farm in a western territory
should all be held in slavery because, like Indians, they were clearly inferior to persons of European descent
should, if legally free, be allowed to marry white persons
should eventually be able to enjoy their natural rights, but they would have to leave the United States to do so
Which of the following was a consequence of the Seven Years’ War?
a weakening of liberties as France made gains in North America
strengthened pride among American colonists
increased popularity of the Anglican Church among ordinary colonists
the creation of a central colonial government under the Albany Plan of Union
The American version of the Enlightenment:
had no impact on religion
was exemplified by Benjamin Franklin
led to the increased popularity of Arminianism but not of Deism
produced no one who achieved world renown, unlike the English and French versions
The French in North America:
made it a point to avoid competing with the British
won control of the Ohio Valley in the Seven Years’ War
were greatly outnumbered by the British on the continent
had a rapidly expanding empire, in large part because of the strong encouragement the French government gave to citizens wanting to move to the New World
Which one of the following did NOT contribute to the expansion of the public sphere during the eighteenth century?
the proliferation of newspapers and libraries
the founding of the California missions
the establishment of literary and philosophical clubs
the trial of John Peter Zenger
Which of the following is NOT true of the Great Awakening?
It involved several denominations, not just Congregationalists
It increased social tensions because ministers criticized certain aspects of colonial society such as commercialism and slavery
Its more subdued style of preaching appealed to a wider audience than the older, bombastic style employed by the Puritans
It was due in part to concerns among ministers that religious devotion was in decline due to economic growth.
Revivalist preachers during the Great Awakening frequently:
sought to avoid emotional styles of preaching
criticized commercial society
formed influential organizations dedicated to abolishing slavery
praised Deism
“Salutary neglect” meant:
providing little oversight of slaves engaged in the task system
British governments left the colonies largely alone to govern themselves
colonial legislatures were supposed to meet only when absolutely necessary
failing to salute British officers was a punishable offense for colonists
The most famous Great Awakening revivalist minister was:
George Whitefield
John Locke
Cotton Mather
John Peter Zenger
Which of the following did NOT happen during the election of 1828?
Andrew Jackson challenged Henry Clay to a duel for having engineered his defeat in the “corrupt bargain” of 1824
Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams had engaged in objectionable sexual practices while serving as a diplomat abroad
John Quincy Adams’s supporters accused Andrew Jackson of murder
Adams’s supporters questioned the morality of Andrew Jackson’s wife because she married Jackson while she was still married to another man
The Monroe Doctrine:
declared the Americas off-limits for further European colonization
was the idea that all white men should have voting rights
secured Florida from Spain
stated that the United States would be neutral in all international conflicts
The catalyst for the market revolution was a series of innovations in:
agriculture
banking and financing
transportation and communication
manufacturing
By the 1830s, the term “citizen” in America had become synonymous with the right to:
accumulate wealth
own property
own slaves
vote
In the presidential election of 1824, who received the most votes but failed to win a majority of either the popular or electoral votes (requiring the House of Representatives to select a president)?
Andrew Jackson
William Crawford
John Q. Adams
Henry Clay
How does the Bank War demonstrate that Andrew Jackson enhanced the power of the presidency?
By removing federal funs from the Bank even after Congress overrode his veto
He identified himself as the symbolic representative of all the people with his veto message that appealed directly to the public
Because he forced the Bank to issue more paper money to end the depression
He became the first president ever to veto a bill passed by Congress
The practice of giving a political office to someone based on party loyalty is called:
the party system
paternalism
nepotism
the spoils system
What was the most important export from the United States by the mid-nineteenth century?
wheat
tobacco
cotton
timber
The national political parties of the second American party system were:
Democrats and Federalists
Republicans and Democrats
Democrats and Whigs
Whigs and Americans
The first industry to be shaped by the large factory system was:
guns
pottery
iron works
textiles
The term “Era of Good Feelings” refers to the period of American history when:
slavery was gradually abolished in all the states
there seemed to be political harmony during the Monroe administration
the Federalist Party was at its strongest
Democrats and Whigs cooperated to solve the nation’s financial crisis
Which improvement most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce in the first half of the nineteenth century?
canals and steamboats
the transcontinental railroad
a system of federally financed roads
the factory system
In the presidential election of 1840:
the Whigs again nominated Henry Clay
the Whigs employed political tactics pioneered by Democrats
the Democrats and Whigs both produced platforms that clearly laid out the parties’ positions on major public issues
voter turnout dropped dramatically because no popular candidate like Jackson ran
In his Cherokee Nation v. Georgia opinion, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that:
President Jackson had full authority over Indian affairs
the Cherokee had to move to the Indian Territory
Indians were U.S. citizens, with all attendant rights and responsibilities
Georgia had to respect Indian title to their land
Which statement about the western settlements is FALSE?
Improvements in transportation and communication accelerated western settlement
People cooperated with each other to clear land and build shelters
Settlers often set up farms on land to which they did not have legal title
The government discouraged western settlement at every turn
How did the market revolution change the way Americans conceived of time?
It lengthened life expectancy because Americans no longer had to work from sunrise to sunset as they had on farms
Artisans began spending their lunch hours in political discussions, rather than just taking breaks as they worked throughout the day
Clocks increasingly regulated the separation of work and leisure time
It enhanced the individual American’s sense of independence to be able to walk away from work at a certain time.
The majority of the nearly 4 million immigrants that entered the United States between 1840 and 1860 were from:
England and Germany
Mexico and England
Germany and Ireland
China and Ireland
According to John O’Sullivan, the “manifest destiny” of the United States to occupy North America could be traced to:
federal treaties with Indian nations
the Treaty of Paris of 1783
the Adams-Onis Treaty
a divine mission
During the first half of the nineteenth century, free black Americans:
were social accepted by the people of the North
found, as whites did, that the West offered the best opportunities for economic advancement
rose in economic status, but more slowly than whites
could not, under federal law, obtain public land
The role of a white middle-class woman in antebellum America was primarily to:
produce the daily foodstuffs and necessities that her household required
focus her energies on the home and children
take a job outside the home to supplement the family’s disposable income
pursue a college education
Under the Missouri Compromise of 1820:
the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory was divided into slave and free zones
Missouri agreed to gradual emancipation of slavery in exchange for admission to the Union
Congress banned slavery in any new territory that might ever be added to the United States
slave states gained a two-seat advantage in the U.S. Senate
The nullification crisis:
brought Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun closer together politically
was based on southern concerns that tariffs were preventing the South from industrializing as fast as the North
involved the fears of some slaveholders that the federal government might take action against slavery
largely concerned the opposition of Southwestern planters to federally financed internal improvements
As president, John Tyler:
engaged in a public feud with his vice president
proved so popular that he easily won the 1844 presidential election
worked hard to enact the Whig economic program
vetoed a bill to create a new national bank, thus angering Whigs
In the presidential election of 1840:
the Whigs again nominated Henry Clay
the Whigs employed political tactics pioneered by Democrats
the Democrats and Whigs both produced platforms that clearly laid out the parties’ positions on major public issues
voter turnout dropped dramatically because no popular candidate like Jackson ran
When George Washington took office as the first president of the United States, American leaders believed that the new nation’s success depended on:
creating political parties as a means of channeling the people’s passions
maintaining political harmony
protecting all forms of freedom
Washington’s willingness to serve until he died
All of the following men held a high executive or judicial office during George Washington’s presidency EXCEPT:
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton’s long-term goal was to:
build up the Republican Party’s political power
assure that the United States would be a primarily agrarian nation
make the United States a major commercial and military power
promote the power of state governments
Which of the following was NOT part of Alexander Hamilton’s financial program?
the Bank of the United States, modeled on the Bank of England
creating a new national debt, thereby giving bondholders a stake in the nation’s future
a tax on whiskey producers as a means of raising revenue
a national capital city with experimental manufacturing
Which of the following was NOT an objection raised by critics of Hamilton’s proposals?
Hamilton’s program would create a corrupt alliance between government and large commercial interests
Hamilton’s plan for new government bonds would unfairly reward speculators
The proposals would prevent the development of manufacturing, and manufacturing was vital to America’s future
A whiskey tax would unfairly target backcountry farmers used to distilling their grain
Opponents of Hamilton’s economic plan:
were mostly northerners who had supported ratification of the Constitution
agreed to a compromise that included placing the national capital in the South
included George Washington.
believed future growth was to be found through close ties with Britain
"Strict constructionists” believed:
the “general welfare” clause of the Constitution gave the federal government power to create a national bank
the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution.
freedom of speech and of the press should be restricted if the president believed that to be necessary
the creation of new western settlements should be strictly limited in order to avoid Indian wars
Which international partner did Alexander Hamilton think most important for the survival and prosperity of the United States?
The British
The French
The Spanish
The West Indians
Which of the following is true of the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794?
It was the only time in U.S. history that the president commanded an army in the field
The Rebellion demonstrated that North-South divisions over slavery could turn violent
The “rebels” largely blamed the Republican Party for their troubles
It represented the first major challenge to the administration of President John Adams
The “quasi-war” was a war of the United States against:
England
Spain
Canada
France
The Sedition Act targeted
Hamilton's economic ideas
the Republican press
illegal immigrants
Federalists
Which of the following is NOT true of the presidential election of 1800?
The election demonstrated the importance of mobilizing large numbers of voters with more modern campaign techniques, which the Republicans effectively employed
John Adams’s acceptance of defeat established the precedent of the peaceful transfer of power in the United States
Thomas Jefferson’s victory in the New England states proved to be key to his election
The controversy surrounding who would be president led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, which changed the operation of the electoral college
After becoming president, how did Thomas Jefferson deal with the Federalists?
He courted their support because he knew that he could never win approval for his policies without them
He tried to roll back almost everything they had done by cutting taxes and the size of government
He followed through on his inauguration speech’s statement (“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”) and treated them as equals
He led a successful effort to impeach and remove from office all Federalist judges, whom he then replaced with Republicans
What was the significance of the case of Marbury v. Madison?
The decision gave states important new powers to block a too-powerful federal government
The Supreme Court declared that presidential power was greater than congressional power
The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review
Marbury’s win meant that he became the new chief justice, a post he held for twenty-one years
The land involved in the Louisiana Purchase:
stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
consisted only of what is today the state of Louisiana and the southern half of Arkansas
was considered by Jefferson to be practically worthless, yet he did not want it to fall into British hands
included all of what is now Texas and the American Southwest
Which of the following is true of the Louisiana Purchase?
France had guaranteed the United States commercial access to New Orleans, but Jefferson feared that a British victory over France would deprive the United States of that access
The slave rebellion in Haiti almost persuaded Napoleon to keep Louisiana as a base from which to attack the island if necessary
Jefferson expected the land acquisition to make possible the spread of agrarian republicanism
Jefferson believed that the Constitution explicitly and fully authorized this land deal
Which of the following is NOT true about the expedition of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark?
They were seeking a water route to the Pacific Ocean
They brought back numerous plant and animal specimens
They never reached the Pacific coast
They found that the regions west of the Mississippi were already engaging in global trade
Why did Jefferson use the U.S. navy against North African states?
The Barbary pirates held American merchant ships hostage and Jefferson sent in the navy rather than pay the ransom
Plantation owners wanted to import more Africans before the international slave trade became illegal in 1808, and they needed American firepower to help them do it
Jefferson wanted to disarm the pasha of Tripoli, who had gathered weapons he planned to use against the United States
Tripoli had declared war on the United States after Jefferson had refused demands for increased payments to the Barbary pirates
What was unusual about the Embargo Act of 1807?
It was in response to a British embargo imposed after a British ship sank an American ship—an odd set of circumstances, to say the least.
The Republican majority in Congress passed it and Jefferson vetoed it, but he was overridden for the only time in his presidency
It persuaded the British to agree to American terms, even though Great Britain had not been a target of the Embargo Act
It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government
Which of the following contributed to the United States going to war in 1812?
Great Britain’s announcement that it would end the impressment of American sailors
Tecumseh’s victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe
the Republican insistence on high tariffs
congressional War Hawks who pressed for territorial expansion into Florida and Canada
The Oneida community:
permitted all of its members to own private property
allowed each member an equal vote in governing the community
controlled which of its members would be allowed to reproduce
banished any member who divulged any information about the community’s sexual practices
Which of the following contributed to the poor American performance in the War of 1812?
Because Jefferson had dismantled the entire U.S. navy, Madison found himself without any ability to fight at sea
The war in Europe had ended before the War of 1812 began, and the British were able to pay more attention to the war
The United States fought a two-front war: against the British in Canada and against the Spanish in Florida
The nation was deeply divided about whether to go to war
The treaty that ended the War of 1812:
restored the prewar status quo
gave Canada the option of joining the United States
was a humiliating treaty for Britain
gave Canada the option of joining the United States
Why did the United States become a one-party nation following the War of 1812?
The Republicans were blamed for the British victory in Washington, D.C., and therefore lost power
The Hartford Convention’s allegedly treasonous activities fatally damaged the Federalist Party’s reputation
The Federalists were so pleased with the war’s outcome that they endorsed a union with the Republicans at their 1816 convention in Hartford
Under the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison was able to silence all opposition
Brook Farm:
was modeled on the ideas of British reformer Robert Dale Owen
was founded by New England transcendentalists
showed that the Shaker philosophy worked as well in America as in Britain
kept manual and intellectual labor strictly separate
Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because most Americans:
feared the Communist Party that endorsed and, in some cases, sponsored these communities
considered the utopian communities to be too materialistic and selfish
saw property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted members give up their property
were Protestants, but all utopian communities required members to deny religious beliefs
By 1840, the temperance movement in the United States had:
encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol
united Americans of all classes and religions in a “war” against alcohol
virtually disappeared
convinced Congress to pass a national prohibition law
What did reformers commonly believe about prisons and asylums?
That they could rehabilitate individuals and then release them back into society
That they were not widely needed and not many were built
That the persons entering these institutions would likely never leave them
That the persons in the facilities could be used as forced labor in factories
Horace Mann believed that public schools would do all of the following EXCEPT:
provide an avenue for social advancement
“equalize the conditions of men.”
reinforce social stability
help eliminate racial discrimination
How did the abolitionists link themselves to the nation’s Revolutionary heritage?
They used mob action, just as the revolutionaries had when they attacked such disagreeable measures as the Stamp Act
They cracked the Liberty Bell to signify that the bonds of liberty were breaking under the weight of slavery
They seized on the preamble to the Declaration of Independence as an attack against slavery
They made a heroic figure of Crispus Attucks, the African-American who died at the Boston Massacre
The gag rule:
denied women the right to speak in mixed-sex public gatherings
prevented Congress from hearing antislavery petitions
stated that newspapers could not print antislavery materials
was adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention to symbolize that women did not have a voice in politics
Which of the following was NOT a reform movement in which women played a prominent role during the early to mid-nineteenth century?
abolitionism
temperance
mental health treatment
nativism
The Seneca Falls Convention’s Declaration of Sentiments was modeled after the:
U.S. Constitution
Letters on the Equality of the Sexes
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Declaration of Independence
The Seneca Falls Convention’s Declaration of Sentiments:
inspired Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to become abolitionists
did not demand voting rights for women because the participants were so divided on that issue
condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women
was modeled on the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution
The organized abolitionist movement split into two wings in 1840, largely over:
a dispute concerning the proper role of women in antislavery work
the question of abolitionists’ taking a public stand on the controversial gag rule
whether African-Americans should be allowed to speak at mixed-race public events
whether to nominate William Lloyd Garrison or James G. Birney as the antislavery presidential candidate
The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were a response to:
Hamilton’s economic plan.
the Alien and Sedition Acts
impressments of American sailors
the election of 1800
The American railroad industry in the first half of the nineteenth century:
mainly connected one waterway to another waterway
was exclusively in the North.
stimulated the coal mining industry
was smaller in terms of total miles of track than the European rail system
Which of the following was not a factor in the nation’s acquisition of Florida from Spain?
Andrew Jackson’s invasion of the area, during which his men killed British agents and Indian chiefs
the desire of Georgia and Alabama planters to eliminate a refuge for fugitive slaves
Spain’s loss of Haiti in a slave rebellion, which rendered Florida imperially unimportant
Spain’s realization that it was unable to defend the area
Which of the following was NOT a way that the market revolution changed western farming?
As the West became more settled, western farmers found that they could cater to the market and grow crops they could sell.
Farmers in the Old Northwest used slave labor to expand their production.
Cyrus McCormick’s reaper made it quicker and easier for them to harvest wheat
John Deere’s steel plow made it easier to till larger quantities of soil
Women who worked at the Lowell mills:
lived in closely supervised boardinghouses.
never had time to make friends
held management positions
commuted daily to work from their family farms.
During the first half of the nineteenth century, individualism:
hampered efforts to spread democracy because it reduced interest in suffrage
was a subject on which all transcendentalists agreed
was rooted in the idea of self-sufficiency
came under attack from Henry David Thoreau
Which of the following statements related to the Second Great Awakening is FALSE?
The Second Great Awakening popularized Deism
The Second Great Awakening made American Christianity a mass enterprise
Charles Grandison Finney became a national celebrity for his preaching in upstate New York
The Second Great Awakening added a religious underpinning to the celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination
In the early to mid-nineteenth century, property qualifications for voting:
died out entirely, allowing all whites to vote in every state
were more popular in newer states than in the original thirteen
continued in Virginia because large slaveholders dominated the state’s politics
survived in all of the slave states, but in none of the free states
A primary reason that both women and blacks were largely excluded from the expansion of democracy was:
that they were not citizens, so they could not vote
that both groups were largely illiterate, and literacy was a necessary skill for political participation
the argument that, since they did not have the vote in England, they ought not to have the vote in America
that both groups were viewed as being naturally incapable and thus unfit for suffrage
In the wake of the War of 1812, younger Republicans like Henry Clay and John Calhoun:
continued to support agrarianism, but believed that the nation’s economic independence required a manufacturing sector
believed in the need for national economic development, but thought that the federal government should stay out of it and let the states do it
demanded that the United States scale back its international involvement and depend exclusively on agriculture for its prosperity
decided that Jeffersonianism was hopelessly out of date when President James Madison opposed their efforts, and they decided to form their own political party
Henry Clay was charged with orchestrating a “corrupt bargain” during the 1824 election so that he could become:
chief justice
secretary of state
vice president
president
John Quincy Adams’s vision included all of the following EXCEPT:
territorial expansion
nationalism
states rights
an expanding market economy
What was President Martin Van Buren’s new solution to the problem of what to do about the federal government’s relationship to banking?
He set up a program of federal insurance on individual bank accounts to protect them in times of panic
He called for federal money to be deposited in state-chartered banks known as “pets."
He set up an Independent treasury system
He proposed the creation of the Federal Reserve Bank, with branches in key cities
Which of the following did NOT happen during the election of 1828?
John Quincy Adams’s supporters accused Andrew Jackson of murder
Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams had engaged in objectionable sexual practices while serving as a diplomat abroad
Adams’s supporters questioned the morality of Andrew Jackson’s wife because she married Jackson while she was still married to another man
Andrew Jackson challenged Henry Clay to a duel for having engineered his defeat in the “corrupt bargain” of 1824
Which is NOT true about the Whigs?
The Whigs believed that a strong federal government was necessary to promote liberty
They supported government promotion of the economy
Their strongest support came from the lower Northwest and the southern backcountry
They argued that the role of government was to promote the welfare of the people
The Force Act of 1833:
created a standing federal army to deal with threats to national security
was declared unconstitutional by Chief Justice Roger Taney in 1838
gave the president authority to use military personnel to collect tariffs
provided for a police force for the District of Columbia
Which of the following contributed to the United States going to war in 1812?
the Republican insistence on high tariffs
congressional War Hawks who pressed for territorial expansion into Florida and Canada
Tecumseh’s victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe
Great Britain’s announcement that it would end the impressment of American sailors
