As the _____________ evolved, letter shapes gradually changed into a very flexible writing system that resembles the one we use today.

_____________________ is stories, myths, and legends that are passed on by word of mouth from generation to generation.

__________________are human-made objects (tools, jewelry, toys, and coins) that teach about the customs and beliefs of people of the past.

Stone Age hunter-gatherers were ___________; they moved from place to place gathering food with the seasons.

A ________________is a society that has cities, a well organized government, and workers with specialized job skills.

_________________________ is the transfer of ideas or customs from one culture to another.

Early civilizations developed near___________________ which provided food, water, transportation, trade, and irrigation.

____________________is history that took place before the development of writing.

Scientists debate whether Homo sapiens began a large _______________to other regions of the world or independently evolved over time.

_______________________ was the first set of laws created to ________ an empire.

Sargon the Great was the first ruler to unite the city-states of Sumer into one ____________________.

A _____________is a person trained to keep records in ancient times.

As writing spread from one people to another it went through a gradual evolution over time - _______________, ____________________, and finally____________________.

Mesopotamia offered the Sumerians ___________________ for farming.

In Mesopotamia, __________________and _____________________were combined and controlled by the priest.

________________________is the belief in many gods

Sumerian farmers were the first to create an ________________________ that could keep their crops alive through hot, dry summers and allow them to plant far from the rivers.

Mesopotamia means the land between the rivers and is located in the between__________________ the _____________________.

________________________is a system of trade in which people exchange goods/services but do not exchange money.

Each Sumerian ______________ was independent of its neighbors; it had its own ______________and _____________.

As early humans settled, they began to change the behavior of plants and animals in ways that were useful for them; this process is called ___________________________.

The development of _____________and use of _____________were key factors in the survival of early humans.

By forming larger, more complex communities, early man could: ________large animals, ___________from attack, and _________.

With changes in Earth’s climate,_____________ were exposed causing animals to migrate and forcing people to follow them to find food.

Egypt is located in northeastern Africa along the ______________, the ‘lifeblood’ of Egypt because of _________ and ____________.

The three seasons (flooding, planting, and harvesting) in Egypt were based on _________________, or the annual flooding of the Nile River.

The Hebrews were exiled to _____________ when their country was conquered by the Babylonian Empire.

The two kingdoms of the Ancient Hebrews were __________and ____________.

A _______________is a body preserved by a special process.

____________was located south of Egypt and was a source of great riches such as gold and iron for the Egyptian empire.

The Sumerians invented the ___________, ___________ and ______________for farming and to move trade items to and from Sumer.

Homes and buildings in Egypt were made of _____________; more important buildings (pyramids, temples, tombs) were made of ___________(limestone, granite) using simple tools and no wheels.

God made a _______________(a binding agreement) with Abraham that the land of Canaan would belong to Abraham’s descendants – it became known as the Promised Land.

Egyptians believed their _______________ were god-kings that controlled everything on earth and gained authority by providing a good government.

_____________________ is long, thin reed growing along the banks of the Nile, used by Egyptians to make writing material.

After the Romans destroyed The Temple, ___________________ set up a center for Jewish scholars so learning would survive and remain important to the Jews.

The ________________, led by Moses, was when the Hebrews left _________________ for the promised land of Canaan.

The _____________brought changes in the way Jews worshipped; they were encouraged to celebrate their festivals and practiced their faith in a _______________.

Hebrews followed a tradition of _____________behavior; behavior based on ideas of __________ and ____________.

___________________are symbols used to stand for words or sounds in Egypt.

The _______________ was the most important building in Jerusalem.

Egyptians spent much of their lives planning to live for eternity because they believed in an ______________, life after death.

___________________ (author of many psalms) made Jerusalem the capital of the Hebrew lands and a center for worship.

_____________________ gave the world the idea of one supreme God who created everything; an idea later shared by Christianity and Islam.

Many Egyptian ______________ spend their entire lives working on palaces, temples, and tombs.

Scriptures, or sacred writings, of the Jews are known as the ________________ – this shared story unites Jews all over the world in ________________.

Egypt’s natural borders (seas, deserts, and mountains) ______________ and ______________ it from invaders.

The ___________________ and other laws tell the Israelites how to behave toward God and one another.

Judaism was the first religion based on __________________, the belief in one god.