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WorksheetsPath - GU
Total questions: 96
Worksheet time: 52mins
When an erection occurs, arterioles in the penis:
(Massey Lecture)
Vasodilate in response to norepinephrine.
Allow the filling of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum with 50 to 75 ml of blood.
Vasodilate in response to nitric oxide.
Allow filling of the tunica albuginea with 25 to 50 ml of blood.
We know that testosterone:
(Massey Lecture)
Produces a catabolic effect on skeletal muscle.
Increases hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.
Suppresses activity of the sebaceous glands.
Is a peptide hormone.
Which cells of the testes produce testosterone? (Riggs lecture)
Leydig cells
Sertoli cells
Follicle cells
Germ cells
Delayed Puberty Result from:
(Riggs lecture)
A physiological delay
Hypergonadotropism
Hypogonadotropism
All of the above
Which form of precocious puberty is GnRH dependent:
(Riggs lecture)
Central
Peripheral
Purulent or clear, mucus-like discharge from the urethra is specific for:
(Riggs lecture)
Urethral stricture
Urethritis
Foreskin cannot be retracted back over the glans:
(Riggs lecture)
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Peyronie Disease
Priapism
Often, squamous cell carcinoma :
(Riggs lecture)
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Peyronie Disease
Penile cancer
Priapism
Can affect fertility:
(Riggs lecture)
Spermatocele
Varicocele
Hydrocele
“Bag of Worms”
(Riggs lecture)
Spermatocele
Varicocele
Hydrocele
“Benign spermatocele cysts"
(Riggs lecture)
Spermatocele
Varicocele
Hydrocele
The function of the epididymis is
[Massey quiz]
maintains control of the temperature to facilitate optimal sperm development
androgen production
provides a passageway for the testes as they descend into the scrotum
conducts sperm from efferent tubules to vas deferens
Which structure helps to maintain the alkalinity of sperm?
[Massey quiz]
seminal vessicles
prostate gland
vas deferentia
cowper gland
Which of the following is/are involved in the erectile reflex?
[Massey quiz]
draining of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum engorgement
temperature of testes
sperm production
Which of the following contain 46 chromosomes?
[Massey quiz]
spermatids
secondary spermatocytes
mature sperm
spermatogonia
Testes
produce gametes (sperm)
produce sex hormones (androgens, testosterone)
delivers sperm to female vagina
eliminates urine
Penis
produce gametes (sperm)
produce sex hormones (androgens, testosterone)
delivers sperm to female vagina
eliminates urine
outer covering
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
efferent tubules
tunica dartos
this covering forms septa
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
efferent tubules
tunica dartos
sperm moves through _________ → to epididymis where they mature
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
efferent tubules
tunica dartos
muscle that forms a septum between the two testes
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
efferent tubules
tunica dartos
make up most of the testes and this is where sperm is produced
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
Leydig cells
where sperm matures
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
Leydig cells
make androgens, specifically testosterone
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
Leydig cells
contracts muscle brings testes closer to body
Cold temperature
Warm temperature
relaxes muscle and suspend testes away from body heat
Cold temperature
Warm temperature
all contained in the scrotum
penis
testes
epididymides
spermatic cords
_________ causes arterioles to dilate via release of NO (Nitrous Oxide) and fill with 20-50 ml of blood.
Restriction
Stimulation
maintained because veins that carry blood out of penis are constricted
Erection
Flaccid
Seminal Vesicles
Are a pair of glands that lie behind the urinary bladder.
Provide fructose
Secrete prostaglandins
Join the ampulla of vas deferens through ducts
Secrete mucus into the ejaculate
contracts rhythmically during emission and ejaculation
Vasa deferentia
Ejaculatory duct
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
Vasectomy: _________ are severed and then tied to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate
Vasa deferentia
Ejaculatory duct
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
Secrete mucus into the ejaculate.
Vasa deferentia
Ejaculatory duct
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
Vasectomy is a permanent male birth control
True
False
Prostatic fluid
thin, milky substance with an alkaline pH helps sperm survive in acidic environment of female reproductive tract
contains clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
promote smooth muscle contraction, assisting with sperm transport
source of energy for ejaculated sperm
source of energy for ejaculated sperm
fructose
prostaglandins
fibrinolysin
promote smooth muscle contraction, assisting with sperm transport
fructose
prostaglandins
fibrinolysin
helps mobilize sperm after ejaculation in the female reproductive tract
fructose
prostaglandins
fibrinolysin
haploid (23 chromosomes)
spermatids
secondary spermatocytes
mature sperm
spermatogonia
primary spermatocytes
diploid (46 chromosomes)
spermatids
secondary spermatocytes
mature sperm
spermatogonia
primary spermatocytes
Testosterones
Produced mainly in Leydig cells of the testes
Primary androgen/Primary male sex hormone
Sexual differentiation during development, Nervous and skeletal tissue development, Anabolic effect on skeletal muscle tissue
Sex drive: Libido
Stimulates sebaceous glands
Maintains biosynthesis of testosterone
Prolactin
LH (luteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Inhibin
Acts on Leydig cells to regulate testosterone secretion.
Prolactin
LH (luteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Inhibin
Acts on Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis.
Prolactin
LH (luteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Inhibin
Inhibin
Is secreted by the Sertoli cells.
Inhibits FSH secretion.
Functions as an autocrine/paracrine regulator in the male gonad.
Inhibits the proliferation of spermatogonia by regulating FSH levels.
Facilitates LH stimulation of androgen biosynthesis in the Leydig cells.
Disruption of HPT Axis Can Result in:
Hypogonadism
Infertility
Vasectomy
Hypergonadism
Prostatitis
In boys, the first signs of puberty are ________ and _______
enlargement of the testes
thinning of the scrotal skin
dropping of the testes
thickening of the scrotal skin
-Increased levels of FSH and LH
-Impaired response of the gonads to the gonadotropins and lack of sex steroid production.
Hypergonaotropism
Hypogonadotropism
Anorchism
-Decreased levels of FSH and luteinizing hormone LH
-Little or no sex hormone is produced
-Dysfunction with the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus.
Hypergonaotropism
Hypogonadotropism
Anorchism
XY Disorder of sex development in which individuals have both testes absent at birth.
Hypergonaotropism
Hypogonadotropism
Anorchism
Considered when secondary sex characteristics have not appeared in boys by 14 years of age
Delayed Puberty
Precocious Puberty
Sexual maturation in boys before 9 years of age
Delayed Puberty
Precocious Puberty
Is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)–dependent and occurs when the HPG axis is working normally but prematurely. Failure of central inhibition of the GnRH pulse generator.
Central precocious puberty
Peripheral precocious puberty
Is GnRH-independent and develops when sex hormones are produced by some mechanism other than stimulation by the gonadotropins.
Central precocious puberty
Peripheral precocious puberty
most common causative agents of urethritis ***
Escherichia coli
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Ureaplasma urealyticum
An inflammatory process of the urethra without concurrent bladder infection.
Urethritis
Urethral Strictures
Fibrotic narrowing of urethra caused by scarring
Urethritis
Urethral Strictures
Causes: poor hygiene and chronic infection
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Peyronie disease
Priapism
Foreskin cannot be retracted back over the glans
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Peyronie disease
Priapism
Foreskin is retracted and cannot be moved forward (reduced) to cover the glans
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Peyronie disease
Priapism
Inflammation of the glans penis
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Peyronie disease
Priapism
Balanitis
Fibrous plaques (thickening) slowly develops in the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa, causing penile curvature during erection.
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Peyronie disease
Priapism
Balanitis
Prolonged penile erection
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Peyronie disease
Priapism
Balanitis
Penile Cancer is mostly
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
Urologic emergency (tx required within hrs) ***
Peyronie disease
Priapism
Balanitis
Medical emergency causing urinary obstruction ***
Severe phimosis
Severe paraphimosis
Inflammation and dilation of the veins in the spermatic cord
Varicocele
Hydrocele
Spermatocele
Scrotal swelling caused by the collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis
Varicocele
Hydrocele
Spermatocele
Inadequate or absent valves in the spermatic veins
Varicocele
Hydrocele
Spermatocele
Benign epididymal cysts
Varicocele
Hydrocele
Spermatocele
Varicocele is most common on the ____ side
left
right
Conditions that can affect fertility ***
Varicocele
Hydrocele
Spermatocele
Cryptorchidism
Bilateral orchitis
Failure of one or more of the testes to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum
Cryptorchidism
Testicular Torsion
Testicular Cancer
Epididymitis
Ectopic Testes
Medical emergency!!!!!! ***
Cryptorchidism
Testicular Torsion
Testicular Cancer
Epididymitis
Ectopic Testes
Caused by vascular engorgement and ischemia ***
Cryptorchidism
Testicular Torsion
Testicular Cancer
Epididymitis
Ectopic Testes
Pathogenic microorganism reaches the epididymis by ascending the vas deferens from an already infected bladder or urethra.
Cryptorchidism
Testicular Torsion
Testicular Cancer
Epididymitis
Ectopic Testes
Can be accompanied by hydrocele (10%) ***
Cryptorchidism
Testicular Torsion
Testicular Cancer
Epididymitis
Ectopic Testes
Is common in men between 15 and 35 years of age. ***
Prostate cancer
Testicular cancer
Penile cancer
contains the majority of prostatic glandular tissue (70%-80% of prostate cancers originate here.
[prostate gland zones]
Peripheral (PZ)
Central (CZ)
Transition (TZ)
surrounds ejaculatory ducts (5% of cancers originate here-aggressive into ejaculatory ducts)
[prostate gland zones]
Peripheral (PZ)
Central (CZ)
Transition (TZ)
surrounds urethra as it enters the prostate gland (20% of cancers originate here-BPH)
[prostate gland zones]
Peripheral (PZ)
Central (CZ)
Transition (TZ)
Noncancerous enlargement of the gland
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Acute bacterial infection: Ascending infection of the urinary tract
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Chronic bacterial infection: Recurrent urinary tract symptoms and persistence of pathogenic bacteria (gram negative)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
No pathogenic bacteria is localized to the prostate.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Pathway for PCa initiation and progression: ***
loss of p53 is associated with worse outcome
loss of p53 is associated with a better outcome
the more mutations the outcome becomes worse
less mutations the outcome becomes worse
Gleason Grading System: A _________ indicates a greater likelihood of having non-organ confined disease and worse outcome after treatment of localized disease
higher score
lower score
5-year survival rate of men with localized cancer is 100% with or without treatment
Prostate cancer
Testicular cancer
Penile cancer
Hormones involved in prostate cancer
Testosterone
Dihydroxytestosterone (DHT)
Estradiol
LH (luteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
major circulating androgen
Testosterone
DHT
predominates in prostate tissue (and acts locally). Higher affinity for the androgen receptor
Testosterone
DHT
is the primary androgen that stimulates the growth of both benign and malignant prostate tissues.
Testosterone
DHT
Stromal tissues respond to _______
Testosterone
DHT
________ would feedback inhibit production of androgens in the testes
Estrogen
Progesterone
In the prostate, _________ is converted into _____ by the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase.
testosterone ; DHT
DHT ; testosterone
estradiol ; testosterone
estradiol ; DHT
Prostate Cancer: Pathogenesis
Androgen-receptor signaling
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Vasectomy
Chronic inflammation
Genetic and epigenetic factors
