a declaration of forgiveness and freedom from punishment

an order to delay a person's punishment until a higher court can hear the case

a pardon to a group of people

an official representative of a country's government

a nation's overall plan for dealing with other nations

the ability to keep the country safe from attack or harm

a formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries

an effort to punish another nation by imposing trade barriers

an agreement among a group of nations that prohibits them all from trading with a target nation

a group of advisers to the president that includes the heads of 15 top-level executive departments

a court system made up of both federal and state courts

a court's authority to hear and decide cases

authority of only federal courts to hear and decide cases

authority for both state and federal courts to hear and decide cases

the authority to hear cases for the first time

the authority of a court to hear a case appealed from a lower court

an official decision by a judge or a court that settles a case and may also establish the meaning of a law

a detailed explanation of the legal thinking behind a court's decision in a case

a ruling that is used as the basis for a judicial decision in a later, similar case

one of the parties involved in a lawsuit

an order that requires a person to appear in court

the power of the Supreme Court to say whether any federal, state, or local law or government action goes against the Constitution

an order a higher court issues to a lower court to obtain the records of the lower court in a particular case

a court's calendar, showing the schedule of cases it is to hear

a judge's or court's workload of cases in a period of time

a written document explaining the position of one side or the other in a case

a statement written by a justice who votes with the majority, but for different reasons

a statement written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion, presenting his or her opinion