[p1] How did Medieval "natural philosophers" gain their scientific knowledge?

Which of the following used animal dissection to develop his ideas of human anatomy?

Who published the book On the Fabric of the Human Body and had detailed observation of organs and the structure of the human body? He is also noted for robbing cemeteries for bodies.

Who was the person who studied the heart and said that the same blood flows through the human body and makes a complete circuit due the heart?

Who was a pioneer in controlled experiments

and studied the properties of gasses?

Who developed the system for naming elements and is considered the father of modern chemistry?

Which of the following means a rejection of religion as the only source of knowledge about the universe?

Which of the following was an English philosopher who railed against the constraints that restricted women's lives?

Which of the following was a Scottish woman who is credited being the Queen of the Sciences?

Which of the following was a German astronomer who was the first woman to discover a comet?

Which of the following was a French woman who is credited with translating and illustrating her husbands work?

Which of the following was a Naturalist and scientific illustrator who carried out South American field studies in her 50s?

According to Ptolemy, which of the following was NOT one of the four major elements?

Many of the early chemists were trying to turn metal into gold. This is called _____________________________.

Which of the following people believed in the separation of mind and matter?

Which of the following stated, "I think, therefore I am"?

Who was considered the Father of Rationalism?

Which of the following was an 18th century philosophical movement based on the use of reason, discoveries of the Scientific Method, and purpose was to reexamine all aspects of life and society in order to create a better world?

Which philosophe believed in tabula rasa and that people become who they are through their experiences?

Which one of the following is not a "natural right"?

What is the nickname given to the intellectuals of the Enlightenment?

Which of the following believed that the government should have a system of checks and balances to prevent any one branch or person from gaining too much power?

Which of the following believed that the government should be divided into three branches? The executive, legislative and the judicial.

Which of the following is the purpose of the executive branch of the government?

Which of the following is the purpose of the legislative branch of the government?

Which of the following is the purpose of the judical branch of the government?

In the United States, which of the following branches is the President?

In the United States, which of the following branches is Congress?

In the United States, which of the following branches is the Supreme Court?

Which of the following believed that all people are created equal and freedom of speech?

Which of the following believed that the universe is a big clock? God created it, set it motion, and allows the universe to run without influence?

Which of the following is atheological/philosophical position that combines the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge, with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe.

Which wrote the Treatise on Toleration?

Which wrote the Spirit of the Laws?

Which was credited with saying, "I may not agree with what you say, but I will defend with my life, your right to say it?"

Which of the following wrote the Encyclopedia and goal was to "change the general way of thinking"?

What do you call the group of people who were dedicated to discovering the natural economic laws governing society?

Which of the following was considered the "Father of Modern Economics"?

Which of the following believed that the punishment should fit the crime and should not be excessive?

Which of the following wrote the Social Contract in 1762?

Which of the following means what is best for the whole of society?

Which of the following wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792?

Which of the following were Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy elite where guests gathered to discuss the new ideas & works of the philosophes?

Which of the following succeeded Queen Mary of England as ruler?

Elizabeth I was Queen of England and _____ from 1558 until her death in 1603.

Which of the following was a period from 1629-1640, in which Charles I of England ruled without any help from Parliament which in turn cause discontent among the ruling classes, but was liked by the common people?

Which of the following was a series of armed conflicts and political schemes between English Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers) over how the government should be run and issues of religious freedoms?

Which of the following was a failed assassination attempt against Protestant James I of England by a group of Catholics to blow up the House of Lords to put his Catholic 9-year-old daughter, Princess Elizabeth, into power?

Which of the following means “you may have the body”? This is recourse in law whereby a person can report unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court

Which of the following are certain taxes and duties levied in Edward’s II reign on every cask of wine and on every pound of merchandise exported or imported?

Which of the following is a major English Constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subjects that the kings prohibited from inhibiting and place restrictions on taxation, billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and use of martial law?

Which of the following dissolved the English Parliament, raised forced loans, and introduced martial law to finance the Thirty Year’s War?

Which of the following was a term of abuse for the wealthier male Royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration? They believed in the divine right of the king.

Which of the following was the English Parliament after Colonel Thomas Pride purged the Long Parliament of the people hostile to the Grandee’s intention to try King Charles I for high treason?

Which of the following was the name given to the supporters of Parliament of England during the English Civil War? There were also known as Parliamentarians.

The army formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians, or Roundheads, that was intended as a full-time army, not part time militia, and was liable service anywhere in the country, not just in a single area was called what?

Which of the following was NOT a result of the English Civil War?

Who was given the title Lord Protector in England after the English Civil War?

How did Charles I die?

Which of the following is known as the period between the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649, and the arrival of his son Charles II in London May 29, 1660, which marked the start of the Restoration?

Which of the following is considered one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles and is considered a regicidal dictator or even a military dictator by some and a hero of liberty by others?

Which of the following is a proclamation made by Charles II of England in which a general pardon for crimes committed during the English Civil Was and Interregnum for all those who recognized Charles as the lawful king? This also allowed people to keep the land purchased, religious toleration, paying soldiers for fighting for the crown.

To bring Royalists in exile back to England and reclaim the crown, Charles II and the Parliament of England decreed the ___________________ of 1660 which gave a general pardon for everyone who had committed crimes during the English Civil War and Interregnum but did not include murder, piracy, buggery, witchcraft, and regicide.

Who became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland after Oliver Cromwell’s death in 1658, he lacked authority and was removed from office after a few months?

The _________________________________ was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange and his wife Mary that resulted in the eventual regulation of the respective powers of

Parliament and the Crown in England

Which of the following was a series of English laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Rome Catholics and Nonconformists? The idea was that the people in the Church of England could be eligible for public employment.

________________________________ is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy that asserts a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, and derives the right to rule directly from the will of God. This king is thus NOT subject to the will of the people.

A specific series of laws that sought to uphold the establishment of the Church of England against Protestant Nonconformists and Catholicism by imposing various forfeitures, civil penalties, and civil disabilities upon these dissenters. They were repealed in the 19^th century during the process of Catholic Emancipation.

__________ ascended England’s throne upon the death of his brother in 1685. During his short reign he became directly involved in the political battles between Catholicism and Protestantism and between the Divine Right of Kings and the political rights of Parliament of England.

The greatest political problem for ______ was his Catholicism, which left him alienated from both parties in England.

Which word most closely means devout?

Which word most closely means beneficiary?

Queen Mary I marriage to ____________________________ contributed to the complex relations between England and Spain that after Mary’s death, the relations dominated Elizabeth’s reign.

Which of the following were NOT members or followers of the Roundheads?

Which of the following marks the founding of the United Kingdom’s constitutional monarchy?

Which of the following is a global system based on the principle of international law that each state has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another country’s domestic affairs, and that each state is equal in international law? 

Which of the following is a theory that defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the following criteria: a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and a capacity to enter relations with other states? 

Which of the following is a theory that defines a state as a person in international law if, and only if, it is recognized as sovereign by other states? 

Which of the following is a theory that defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the following criteria: a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and a capacity to enter relations with other states? 

Which of the following a type of state that conjoins the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation, from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status as a sovereign?

The idea of the state was first associated with which treaty?

Which of the following is the most obvious impact of a nation-state?

Which of the following was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, that started as a conflict between Protestant and Catholics, but also spread to a more general conflict amongst the powers of Europe?

Which of the following were a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648, that basically ended the Thirty Years War and the Eighty Years War?

Which of the following was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League which officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire?

Which of the following is a Latin phrase the literally means “Whose realm, his religion”? This meant that the ruler could decide the religion of the people being ruled

Which of the following was a revolt that was also known as the Dutch War of Independence?

For their independence, the Dutch fought against which ruler?

Which of the following was NOT an outcome of the Peace of Westphalia?

Which of the following was the outcome of the Peace of Westphalia?

Which of the following was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806. Also known as the March of Brandenburg? This played a pivotal role in the history of Germany and Central Europe. The ruling margraves were established as a prestigious prince-electors in the Golden Bull of 1356 which allowed them to vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Which of the following was a dynasty of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania? The family was divided into two branches, the Catholic Swabian branch, and the Protestant Franconian branch.

Which of the following is the central element of feudalism and consists of heritable property or rights granted by an overlord to a vassal who held it in fealty in return for a form of feudal allegiance and service?

Which of the following is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct?

Which of the following was a decree issued by the Imperial Diet at Nuremburg and Metz, that, for 400 years, fixed important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire?

Frederick William of Prussia was known as the ____________________________ because he developed Brandenburg-Prussia into a major power.

What allowed Frederick III to elevate Prussia to the status of a kingdom?

Which of the following terms is a form of absolute monarchy or despotism inspired by the Enlightenment?

Which of the following was a 16th century treatise by the Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli that advises political leaders how to accrue honor and power?

Which of the following was an essay by Frederick the Great consisting of a chapter-by-chapter rebuttal of the The Prince?

Which of the following was a war that involved every European power, spanned 5 continents and split Britain against France, changing the balance of Power in Europe?

Which of the following are members of the landed nobility in Prussia?

Which of the following helped transform Prussia from a European backwater place to an economically strong and politically reformed state?

Which of the following regions did Frederick the Great add to Prussia?

Which of the following leaders of Prussia organized a system of indirect taxation, toll levies, high tariffs and minimized restriction on trade to help create more economic power?

Which of the following leaders of Prussia made his state a modern bureaucracy, laid the foundations for the education system, allowed for freedom of speech, the press and literature? He also abolished torture and made it possible for men of non-noble stock to become judges and senior bureaucrats.

Which of the following was an edict that aimed to ensure that the Habsburg hereditary possessions could be inherited by a daughter?

Which of the following succeeded Charles VI even though her husband, Francis Stephen, was to be elected the Holy Roman Emperor?

Which of the following leaders of Prussia made his state a modern bureaucracy, laid the foundations for the education system, allowed for freedom of speech, the press and literature? He also abolished torture and made it possible for men of non-noble stock to become judges and senior bureaucrats.

What was the dispute that led to war between Frederick of Prussia and Maria Theresa over succession of power for the Holy Roman Empire?

What treaty was used by Frederick of Prussia to justify his claim over Silesia?

What was the result of the Treaty of Breslau?

What was the result of the 1745 Treaty of Dresden?

Which family ruled the Holy Roman Empire for over 200 years?

Which of the following was responsible for modernizing Russia?

Which of the following rule Russia in a time the Enlightenment was becoming popular and thought about treating serfs with more equality? Then the serfs revolted and this ruler crushed them very quickly.

What do you call the ruler of Russia?

What was the name of the secret police that Ivan the Terrible used to terrorize Russia?

The Seven Years War was fought on every known continent at the time. What was the conflict called in the colonies of North America?

The Thirty Years War originally started as a Protestant and Catholic struggle for control. Eventually the conflict morphed into a political struggle against which two families?

Which of the following were NOT members or followers of the Cavaliers?

What nationality was Charles Il?

What nationality was Mary l?

What nationality was Elizabeth I?

What nationality was Philip II?

Which of the following nationality was Maria Theresa?

What nationality was Charles V?

What nationality was James II?

What nationality was Oliver Cromwell?

Which of the following nationality was Peter (I) the Great?

Which of the following nationality was Catherine the Great?

Which of the following nationality was Ivan the Terrible?

Which of the following nationality was Frederick the Great?

The map shown here is of which empire?

The map show the greatest extent of which empire?

NAME the Eastern half of the former Roman Empire.

Before 1100, European medieval knowledge about Asia beyond the reach of the _____ was sourced in

partial reports and often obscured by legends.

A book containing a description of the world and world map created by the Arab geographer, Muhammad al-Idrisi, in 1154. Written in Arabic, it is divided into seven climate zones and contains maps showing the Eurasian continent in its entirety, but only the northern part of the African continent. The map is oriented with the North at the bottom. It remained the most accurate world map for the next three centuries.

A historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase Pax Romana, which describes the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries. The term is used to describe the eased communication and commerce that the unified administration helped to create, and the period of relative peace that followed the Mongols’ vast conquests.

City-states that flourished in Italy and across the Mediterranean. From the 10th to the 13th centuries, they built fleets of ships both for their own protection and to support extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean, giving them an essential role in the Crusades.

Which of the following was not Christian embassies who were sent as far as Karakorum during the Mongol invasions of Syria. The first of these travelers journeyed to Mongolia and back from 1241 to 1247. Others traveled to various regions of Asia between 13th and the third quarter of the 15th centuries; these travelers

A series of European expeditions crossing Eurasia by land in the late Middle Ages marked a prelude to the _______________________________.

King Denis made an agreement with Genoese merchant sailor ________________________________, laying the basis for the Portuguese Navy and the establishment of a powerful Genoese merchant community in Portugal.

Which of the following was aware of profit possibilities in the Saharan trade routes, invested

in sponsoring voyages that, within two decades of exploration, allowed Portuguese ships to bypass the Sahara.

Which of the following was the first to find a sea route to India?

Who is credited with finding Brazil?

Which of the following is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, named because of the great optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India and the East?

_____ Ocean trade routes were sailed by Arab traders. Between 1405 and 1421, the Yongle Emperor of Ming China sponsored a series of long range tributary missions. The fleets visited Arabia, East Africa, India, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Thailand.

_____, a Venetian merchant, dictated an account of journeys throughout Asia from 1271 to 1295. Although he was not the first European to reach China, he was the first to leave a detailed chronicle of his experience. The book inspired Christopher Columbus and many other travelers in the following Age of Discovery.

_____sailors were at the vanguard of European overseas exploration, discovering and mapping the coasts of Africa, Asia, and Brazil. 

______, aware of profit possibilities in the Saharan trade routes, invested

in sponsoring voyages that, within two decades of exploration, allowed Portuguese ships to bypass the Sahara.

The Portuguese goal of finding a sea route to Asia was finally achieved in a ground-breaking voyage commanded by _____, who reached Calicut in western India in 1498, becoming the first European to reach India.

The second voyage to India was dispatched in 1500 under ______. While following the same south-westerly route as a previous Portuguese explorer across the Atlantic Ocean, he made landfall on the Brazilian coast— the territory that he recommended Portugal settle.

Portugal’s purpose in the Indian Ocean was to ensure the monopoly of the _____. Taking advantage of the rivalries that pitted Hindus against Muslims, the Portuguese established several forts and trading posts between 1500 and 1510.

Only late in the 15th century did an emerging modern _____ become fully committed to the search for new trade routes overseas.

On the evening of August 3, 1492, _____departed from Palos de la Frontera with three ships. Land was sighted on October 12, 1492 and he called the island (now The Bahamas) San Salvador, in what he thought to be the “West Indies.” Following the first American voyage, he made three more.

A period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, spanning approximately 770 years, between the initial Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the 710s, and the fall of the Emirate of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, to expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.

In what century did the Spanish dominate exploration of the world?

Which of the following was a Spanish conquistador who claimed much of present-day Mexico for Spain in 1519? He brought down the mighty Aztec Empire with superior weapons, native allies and disease.

Who was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the Americas (1513)? He was convicted of treason and beheaded in 1519.

Which of the following people traveled with Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 and eventually claimed present-day Florida in the name of Spain in 1513.

Who is an Italian sailor that explored both North & South America in the name of Spain (1499). He is the earliest sailor to realize he explored new continents. Therefore, America is named after him.​

Which of the following was an Italian-born and a part-time Portuguese resident, who sailed in the name of the Spanish royalty who landed in the Caribbean Islands; thinking it was Asia (1492).​

Which of the following was a Spanish conquistador who claimed much of present-day Peru in the name of Spain (1521)?

Which of the following explored the Southwestern regions of the present-day United States, including parts of Texas and the Grand Canyon (1540)?

Which of the following funded Columbus's exploration to the new world?

In what century did the English dominate exploration and colonization?

Which of the following were best known for controlling India, Australia & North America (which became the U.S.).

Which of the following explored parts of North America in the name of the English crown (1497). He is considered to the first European navigator to reach mainland North America since the Vikings.

Who was a pirate, navigator and captain for England. He was the captain of the second circumnavigation of the globe (1577-1580). He went to places that Magellan never did (e.g. the west coast of North America).

After Columbus, the Spanish colonization of the Americas was led by a series of soldier-explorers, called _____. The Spanish forces, in addition to significant armament and equestrian advantages, exploited the rivalries between competing indigenous peoples, tribes, and nations.

One of the most accomplished conquistadors was _____, who achieved the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

One of the most accomplished conquistadors was _____, who achieved the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.

In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned _____ to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. He sailed in 1497 and he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland but did not establish a colony.

In 1562, the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and _____to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa, with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic trade system. He carried out the second circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580.

In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to _____for discovery and overseas exploration. In 1583, he claimed the harbor of Newfoundland for England, but no settlers were left behind. He did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother.

Also known as the Lost Colony; a late 16th-century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in the Americas. The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. The colonists disappeared during the Anglo-Spanish War, three years after the last shipment of supplies from England.

Which of the following was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas, established by the Virginia Company of London as “James Fort” on May 4, 1607, and considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610.

The largest population of Aztecs died off due to ________.

What did the Mughal, the Ottoman, and the Safavid Empires have in common?

What was the major effect of the Columbian exchange?

Which statement describes an impact that the Columbian Exchange had on the lives of Europeans?

The 1453 conquest of Constantinople is an important turning point in global history because it

The astrolabe and improvements in cartography helped Europeans to

Which of the following Reformation figures was responsible for the start of the Protestant Reformation?

Which early modern figure is known as the father of capitalism?

Jean Jacques Rousseau

The philosopher who praised the checks and balances of the government created by the British constitution was

Which of the following was one of Luther's central Reformation ideas?

“Dare we believe, my brothers, that St. Benedict had such expensive horses and

mules as we now see many a [Church official] possess? Certainly not!”

Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of this

passage?

To what was the hawker referring in his statement, “As soon as the coin in the

coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs?”

Of the seven sacraments, why did Luther retain baptism and communion?