(a)   is an 11th-century ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, who continually struggled for power with Pope Gregory VII.

(a)   is a court established by the Roman Catholic Church in A.D. 1542 to investigate the people who may have strayed from the Roman Catholic faith and to strengthen the power of the Church.

(a)   is the king of England who signed the Magna Carta A.D. 1215.

(a)   is an imperial council that advised the sultan in the Ottoman Empire.

(a)   is a group of people who live according to a religious rule.

(a)   is a member of a Turkish people that controlled central and western Asia from the 11th to the 13th century.

(a)   is a disease that struck western Eurasia in the mid-1300s, in an outbreak known as the Black Death.

(a)   is a list of rights written by England's nobility and signed by King John is A.D. 1215.

(a)   is the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from A.D. 1520 to 1566, who encouraged the arts and organized a legal code.

(a)   is an Italian who founded the Franciscan religious order in the early A.D. 1200s.

(a)   is a series of military expeditions from Christian Europe to Palestine between the 11th and 13 centuries A.D.

(a)   is a series of wars between England and France, from A.D. 1337 to 1453.

(a)   is a group of representatives with some powers of government.

(a)   is a member of an elite fighting force of the Ottoman Empire, made up mainly of slaves.

(a)   is an Italian scholar who made a synthesis of classical philosophy and Christian theology.

(a)   is a military leader who united Muslims to fight the Christians in Palestine during the 12th century A.D.

(a)   is a French peasant girl who led the French to victory over the English at Orleans in A.D. 1429.

(a)   is the right of people not to be imprisoned unlawfully.

(a)   is the head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1073 to 1085, who struggled with Emperor Henry IV for power.

(a)   is the series of campaigns, ending in A.D. 1492, by which Christian armies drove Muslim rulers out of Spain.

(a)   is a weapon that can shoot arrows able to penetrate a knight's armor.

(a)   is the Turkish leader who founded the Ottoman Empire in the early A.D. 1300s.