A second-grade student has limited vocabulary knowledge, which hinders the student's word recognition and reading comprehension. The student's oral reading is slow and labored, and the student typically spends the majority of independent reading time browsing through books, making little effort to read the actual words on the page. Research has shown that which of the following is most likely to happen if this student receives no instructional intervention?

Which of the following statements best explains an important limitation of teaching students to rely on context as their primary strategy for determining the meaning of unfamiliar words in texts?

A fifth-grade teacher is planning a multidisciplinary unit on water pollution. For this unit, students will read chapters from their social studies and science textbooks as well as relevant fictional narratives. These materials will also be incorporated into a variety of instructional activities designed to promote students' reading development. Which of the following statements best describes an important advantage of using a cross-curricular approach such as this unit to promote students' reading development?

A middle school teacher writes the morpheme dict on the board, pronounces it, and explains that dict derives from the Latin word for "speak." The teacher then asks students if they can think of English words that start with or include dict. This activity is likely to promote students' vocabulary development primarily by helping the students:

A teacher substitutes blank spaces for several nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an appropriate level of text and asks students to determine reasonable and logical words to complete each blank. This technique is useful as an informal assessment of students' understanding of English language structures primarily because it requires them to:

A fifth-grade teacher gives students the following sentence: Neither walking on the beach nor running around the track cheered Ahmed up. The teacher asks the students how the phrases that come just after neither and just after nor are similar. This exercise can promote students' reading comprehension by helping them:

A middle school teacher designs an instructional activity in which students combine several sentences to form a single sentence, as illustrated below. 

Combine: 

Matthew stood and waited for the bus. The sun was blazing hot. Matthew fanned himself with the newspaper. 

Single sentence: Waiting for the bus, Matthew stood in the blazing sun, fanning himself with the newspaper. 

This activity is likely to be most effective in helping students:

Structural analysis would be the most appropriate strategy for a student to use to determine the meaning of which of the following words?

To promote students' comprehension of a passage about comets and meteoroids, a middle school teacher shows the students how to use facts from the text to complete the following Venn diagram. This comprehension strategy is most effective in facilitating students' ability to:

A third-grade teacher prepares several poster-sized copies of the star diagram illustrated below. After reading an assigned story, students divide into small groups, and the teacher distributes a copy of the star diagram to each group. The members of each group discuss how the six questions (who, what, when, where, why, and how) apply to the story and write answers in the six points of the star. 

The teacher then displays the completed star diagrams and leads a whole-class discussion about them. This instructional activity is most likely to promote students' reading proficiency in which of the following ways?

An eighth-grade class will be reading a drama that is a challenging grade-level text. The teacher is concerned that a student in the class who has a reading disability will have difficulty keeping up with and understanding the reading assignments. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for the teacher to use to promote the student's access to the text and his ability to participate fully in class discussions related to it?

A first-grade teacher plans to assess a student's comprehension of a short story through oral retelling. After the student silently reads the story, the teacher will prompt the student's retelling by asking open-ended questions. To prepare for this assessment, the teacher reads the story carefully and composes the questions. Which of the following additional steps would be most helpful for the teacher to take before the retelling activity begins?

A fifth-grade teacher is teaching a unit on fiction. To begin, students read several simple fairy tales and discuss the moral or meaning of each one. The teacher then assigns a more complex story and leads a discussion about the moral of the story after students finish reading it. This instructional strategy is most likely to promote students' reading proficiency by:

A sixth-grade teacher has students read a short expository text. After the students finish reading the text, the teacher uses guided discussion to help them complete the form shown below. This writing activity promotes students' comprehension and analysis of expository texts primarily by:

Use the information below to answer the two questions that follow. A fourth-grade class is beginning a unit on deserts. The teacher starts the unit by having the students form small groups and list everything they know about deserts. Then the whole class meets to share their lists, and the teacher helps the students arrange their ideas into a web. The class's partially completed web is shown below. Creating such a web is likely to promote students' ability to retain and use information they read about a topic by:

After giving each student a copy of the web developed by the class, the teacher could best help students make use of the web to learn and retain facts from their reading by asking them to:

A sixth-grade teacher reads his students the nonsense poem "Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll. The first four lines of the poem are shown below. 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. The teacher reads aloud the clause "All mimsy were the borogoves" and asks students what that might mean. One student responds, "It means that the borogoves were all mimsy!" This student's response demonstrates skill in which of the following reading comprehension strategies?

A sixth-grade teacher reads his students the nonsense poem "Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll. The first four lines of the poem are shown below. 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. The teacher plans a variety of activities related to "Jabberwocky." Students will work in pairs to make up definitions for some of the nonsense words (e.g., slithy). They will read

the poem aloud using tone of voice to express various moods. Finally, they will create their own nonsense poems and give oral readings of them. These activities are most likely to promote students' reading development by:

A sixth-grade teacher reads his students the nonsense poem "Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll. The first four lines of the poem are shown below. 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. One student pronounces gyre with a hard g sound, while his classmate uses a soft g sound. They ask the teacher who is correct. The teacher's best response would be to:

A sixth-grade teacher reads his students the nonsense poem "Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll. The first four lines of the poem are shown below. 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. The teacher asks the students if they can tell which of the nonsense words in the poem are nouns. One student says that toves is a noun. Another says that wabe and borogoves are nouns and adds that gyre and gimble are verbs. The class then discusses how students were able to draw these conclusions. This exercise would be especially useful for helping students understand that:

A sixth-grade class that includes several English Learners has been studying volcanoes. The teacher designs the following paragraph-building activity as part of a chapter review toward the end of the unit. 

Step 1: The teacher leads a brief whole-class discussion reviewing key topics covered by the textbook chapter. 

Step 2: Students form heterogeneous cooperative learning groups with three or four students in each group. Each of the students selects one of the key topics reviewed during the discussion. 

Step 3: Individual students write one or two sentences about their topic on sentence strips. Step 4: The members of the group then decide how to put the various sentences together, editing the sentences as necessary to form a comprehensible paragraph about the chapter and correcting any errors in grammar or spelling. After participating in this activity, all of the students review the chapter in their science text about volcanoes. The paragraph-building activity described is likely to promote students' reading development primarily by helping them:

A sixth-grade class that includes several English Learners has been studying volcanoes. The teacher designs the following paragraph-building activity as part of a chapter review toward the end of the unit. 

Step 1: The teacher leads a brief whole-class discussion reviewing key topics covered by the textbook chapter. 

Step 2: Students form heterogeneous cooperative learning groups with three or four students in each group. Each of the students selects one of the key topics reviewed during the discussion. 

Step 3: Individual students write one or two sentences about their topic on sentence strips. Step 4: The members of the group then decide how to put the various sentences together, editing the sentences as necessary to form a comprehensible paragraph about the chapter and correcting any errors in grammar or spelling. After participating in this activity, all of the students review the chapter in their science text about volcanoes. After assessing the effectiveness of this activity, the teacher decides to include an additional step. For step 5, the teacher will guide students to develop topic sentences for the paragraphs they generated. This modification is most likely to promote students' reading development by:

A sixth-grade class that includes several English Learners has been studying volcanoes. The teacher designs the following paragraph-building activity as part of a chapter review toward the end of the unit. 

Step 1: The teacher leads a brief whole-class discussion reviewing key topics covered by the textbook chapter. 

Step 2: Students form heterogeneous cooperative learning groups with three or four students in each group. Each of the students selects one of the key topics reviewed during the discussion. 

Step 3: Individual students write one or two sentences about their topic on sentence strips. Step 4: The members of the group then decide how to put the various sentences together, editing the sentences as necessary to form a comprehensible paragraph about the chapter and correcting any errors in grammar or spelling. After participating in this activity, all of the students review the chapter in their science text about volcanoes. Which of the following best describes one important way in which this activity is likely to benefit English Learners?