Black people are ____ times more likely to be stopped  and searched by the police

The ____________ Report  was the official response to racial  violence and rioting in some British cities in the 1980s. 

  The _____________ report  concluded the official enquiry into the murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence in 1993.

________ welcomed the conclusion of the MacPherson report regarding institutional racism within the Met as a step forward in recognising and addressing some of the problems.

‘_______ culture’ - - the shared set of norms, values, attitudes and practices which develop amongst police and can affect how they carry out their duties. 

‘___________ culture’ which refers to the attitudes and values shown by police when they are off duty or socialising.  

__________ and Grey report the explicit and racist language of the officers that they were observing.

____________ found ‘racialisation’ of policing’ where people and events are seen in a way that prioritises race  when it is not relevant or  ignores  race when it is.   Police Officers may  act in racist ways without realising it.

____________ found that most policing is  directed at the excluded in society who are often young and black.

UK riots in _________ were triggered by the shooting of Mark Duggan, a black male in London.

Hood found that black men were _____ times more likely to be imprisoned than white men.

Hood found that black people received a ___________ average prison sentence than white people.

_______________ argue that the higher % of black males being stopped and searched is not necessarily down to racism.

___________________considered explanations for higher crime rates amongst young black males in Philadelphia. 

Nightingale argues that in addition to factors such as poverty, unemployment and racism, the ‘culture of _________________’ and the glorification of violence  in American culture are key factors.

Nightingale discusses ‘the paradox of ____________’ - poverty and racism mean that violence and criminal behaviour is the only route to success.

___________________ is a report concluded that a range of factors including entrenched poverty, educational underachievement, high numbers of school exclusions, family conflict and breakdown and lack of positive role models were reasons for high crime rates among black youths.

__________ found that being stuck at the bottom of the economic ladder and marginalisation has created frustration and rage so gang membership and violence have been normalised.

___________ considers the  importance of subculture to explain crime rates amongst young black males in east London (road culture and badness).

___________ considers the history of race relations as a factor explaining crime among some ethnic groups - he states they are defending themselves against a society that treats them unjustly  e..g London riots in 1970s.

_____________________ criticise the moral panics which have surrounded black crime -  the way the media have focused upon mugging and linked it to ethnicity in the past e.g.  Black Crime Shock (1983 headline).

_____________ argues that the stereotype of the passive Asian has given way to a climate of ‘Islamophobia’ following 9/11 and there is more stopping and searching  Asians by the police in recent years.

Crime levels amongst British Asians have, until recently been disproportionately __________ than those similar to white people

Since the ______________ tends to classify ‘Asian’ into one category it tends to include those of Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds who may be very different from other Asian groups.