Name

Nickname

Chemical Symbol

Pseudonym

Luster

Conductivity

Malleability

Ductility

True

False

groups

towers

periods

atomic numbers

Name

Nickname

Chemical Symbol

Pseudonym

Luster

Conductivity

Malleability

Ductility

True

False

Poor electrical conductivity

Poor thermal conductivity

Dullness

Brittleness

Mo

Re

S

Ba

Ba

Si

Ba

O

Ca an Ra, because they are in the same group and have similar chemical properties.

Cs and La, b/c they are in the same period number.

Ca and Y, b/c they are 90 degree angle and have similiar properties.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 3

Group 13

Group 6

Group 26

Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Group 16

Group 11

Group 6

Period 11

Period 6

Iron

Oxygen

Nickel

Silver

Sc

Cu

Na

Mg

Hydrogen

Helium

Sulfur

Carbon

Hydrogen

Neon

Nitrogen

Potassium

41

4

1

19

Group 3, Period 17

Group 2, Period 17

Group 17, Period 3

Group 17, Period 4

metals

nonmetals

metaloids

halogens

4

5

6

7

15

16

17

18

halogens

noble gases

alkali

alkaline earth

transition metals

halogens

metaloids

alkaline earth

transition metals

nonmetals

noble gases

halogens

far left, vertical

stair step/diagonal

far right horizontal

at the bottom

18

1

2

17

17

18

14

15

metals

nonmetals

metaloids

noble gases

1 cap. letter

2 cap. letters

2 lower case letters

any letter you want

Alkaline Earth Metals

Transition Metals

Halogens

Noble Gases

Alkali metals

Chalcogens

Halogens

Noble Gases

Alkali metal

Alkaline earth metal

Transition metal

Chalcogen

Alkali metals

Alkaline earth metals

Transition metals

Chalcogens

halogens

Its valence electron achieve stable electron octet arrangement

It will not donate, accept or share electron with other elements

It donates 1 valence electron

It accept 1 electron into its outermost shell

H, Ne, Kr, Ar, Rn, Xe

He, Ne, Rn, Kr, Ar, Xe

He, Na, Rn, K, Ar, Xe

H, Ne, Rb, Kr, Ar, Xe

Increase

Decrease

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Argon

Neon

Helium

Kryoton

Helium

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Helium

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Xenon

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Xenon

Radon

Xenon

Krypton

Neon

Increase

Decrease

Atomic size of atom increase

The bond between atoms increase

More heat absorp to break the bond

More heat released to break the bond

They achieved stable electron octet arrangement

It will not accept, donate or share electron

It is monoatomic in nature

2,8,8

2:8:8

2.8.8

20

38

56

88

Sodium has 1 proton.

Sodium has 3 protons.

Sodium has 11 protons

6

10

4

8

0

1

10

5

atom

matter

element

nucleus

element

subatomic particle

electron

matter

proton

neutron

electron

matter

proton

neutron

electron

matter

proton

neutron

electron

matter

Periodic Table of Elements

Atomic Theory

Isotopes

Subatomic Particles

element name

element symbol

atomic number

atomic mass

element name

element symbol

atomic number

atomic mass

element name

element symbol

atomic number

atomic mass

family

period

row

isotope

family

period

row

isotope

isotope

ion

orbital

nucleus

isotope

ion

orbital

nucleus

3.0 x 10⁸ m/s

1.0 x 10⁸ m/s

10 m/s

5.0 x 10⁸ m/s

3.0 x 10⁸ m/s

1.88 x 10⁸ m/s

1.6 x 10⁸ m/s

5.64 x 10⁸ m/s

2.3 x 10⁸ m/s

6.9 x 10⁸ m/s

3.0 x 10⁸ m/s

1.3 x 10⁸ m/s

1.14

1.43

2.10

6.3

1.5

1.0

0.67

2.1

1.4

0.90

0.53

1.7

45^o

29^o

31^o

64^o

Willebrord Snell was born in 1580 in Leiden. He began to study mathematics at a very

young age.

He entered the university of LeIden and initially studied law, but soon he turned his attention towards mathematics and started teaching at the

university by the time he was just 20

In the year of 1613 snell succeeded his

father as professor of mathematics.

He did some important work in mathematics including the method of calculating the approximate value of pi

by a polygon. His method of using 96-sided polygon gives the correct value

of pi

up to seven places while the classical

method only gave this value

up to two correct places

Snell also

published some books including his work

on comets.

However his biggest contribution to

science was his discovery

of the laws of refraction.

He entered the university of LeIden and initially studied law, but soon he turned his attention towards mathematics and started teaching at the

university by the time he was just 20

In the year of 1613 snell succeeded his

father as professor of mathematics.

He did some important work in mathematics including the method of calculating the approximate value of pi

by a polygon. His method of using 96-sided polygon gives the correct value

of pi

up to seven places while the classical

method only gave this value

up to two correct places

Snell also

published some books including his work

on comets.

However his biggest contribution to

science was his discovery

of the laws of refraction.

A ray of light we know travels in an

undeviated straight line

until it encounters a change of medium

At such a change, a portion of the incident light passes

into the second medium in a different direction.

He did some important work in mathematics including the method of calculating the approximate value of pi

by a polygon. His method of using 96-sided polygon gives the correct value

of pi

up to seven places while the classical

method only gave this value

up to two correct places

Snell also

published some books including his work

on comets.

However his biggest contribution to

science was his discovery

of the laws of refraction.

A ray of light we know travels in an

undeviated straight line

until it encounters a change of medium

At such a change, a portion of the incident light passes

into the second medium in a different direction.

this change of direction of a ray of

light at the surface of separation

of two different media is known as

refraction of light

up to seven places while the classical

method only gave this value

up to two correct places

Snell also

published some books including his work

on comets.

However his biggest contribution to

science was his discovery

of the laws of refraction.

A ray of light we know travels in an

undeviated straight line

until it encounters a change of medium

At such a change, a portion of the incident light passes

into the second medium in a different direction.

this change of direction of a ray of

light at the surface of separation

of two different media is known as

refraction of light

Suppose a ray of light traveling along a

straight line A B

in air is incident on the plane surface

P Q

he ray will now

pass into glass and travel along

direction BC different from AB

A ray of light we know travels in an

undeviated straight line

until it encounters a change of medium

At such a change, a portion of the incident light passes

into the second medium in a different direction.

this change of direction of a ray of

light at the surface of separation

of two different media is known as

refraction of light

Suppose a ray of light traveling along a

straight line A B

in air is incident on the plane surface

P Q of a block of glass

he ray will now

pass into glass and travel along

direction BC different from AB

A ray of light we know travels in an

undeviated straight line

until it encounters a change of medium

At such a change, a portion of the incident light passes

into the second medium in a different direction.

this change of direction of a ray of

light at the surface of separation

of two different media is known as

refraction of light

Suppose a ray of light traveling along a

straight line A B

in air is incident on the plane surface

P Q of a block of glass

he ray will now

pass into glass and travel along

direction BC different from AB

The ray thus changes its direction at B. i.e. that is at the surface of separation

between air and glass.

At such a change, a portion of the incident light passes

into the second medium in a different direction.

this change of direction of a ray of

light at the surface of separation

of two different media is known as

refraction of light

Suppose a ray of light traveling along a

straight line A B

in air is incident on the plane surface

P Q of a block of glass

he ray will now

pass into glass and travel along

direction BC different from AB

The ray thus changes its direction at B. i.e. that is at the surface of separation

between air and glass.

Here AB is the incident ray and BC is a refracted ray.

this change of direction of a ray of

light at the surface of separation

of two different media is known as

refraction of light

Suppose a ray of light traveling along a

straight line A B

in air is incident on the plane surface

P Q of a block of glass

he ray will now

pass into glass and travel along

direction BC different from AB

The ray thus changes its direction at B. i.e. that is at the surface of separation

between air and glass.

Here AB is the incident ray and BC is a refracted ray.

A perpendicular NN' drawn at B to the surface of separation PQ

is called the normal at B

Suppose a ray of light traveling along a

straight line A B

in air is incident on the plane surface

P Q of a block of glass

the ray will now

pass into glass and travel along

direction BC different from AB

The ray thus changes its direction at B. i.e. that is at the surface of separation

between air and glass.

Here AB is the incident ray and BC is a refracted ray.

A perpendicular NN' drawn at B to the surface of separation PQ

is called the normal at B

The angle ABN

is called the angle of incidence and the

angle CBN' is called

the angle of refraction.

If the ray of

light passes from a rarer to a denser medium, as from air to glass the rays refracted

towards the normal

The ray thus changes its direction at B. i.e. that is at the surface of separation

between air and glass.

Here AB is the incident ray and BC is a refracted ray.

A perpendicular NN' drawn at B to the surface of separation PQ

is called the normal at B

The angle ABN

is called the angle of incidence and the

angle CBN' is called

the angle of refraction.

If the ray of

light passes from a rarer to a denser medium, as from air to glass the rays refracted

towards the normal

That is the angle of incidence is

greater than the angle of refraction.

Here AB is the incident ray and BC is a refracted ray.

A perpendicular NN' drawn at B to the surface of separation PQ

is called the normal at B

The angle ABN

is called the angle of incidence and the

angle CBN' is called

the angle of refraction.

If the ray of

light passes from a rarer to a denser medium, as from air to glass the rays refracted

towards the normal

That is the angle of incidence is

greater than the angle of refraction.

on the other hand, if the ray passes from a denser to a rarer medium, as from glass to air the refracted ray

moves away from the normal

A perpendicular NN' drawn at B to the surface of separation PQ

is called the normal at B

The angle ABN

is called the angle of incidence and the

angle CBN' is called

the angle of refraction.

If the ray of

light passes from a rarer to a denser medium, as from air to glass the rays refracted

towards the normal

That is the angle of incidence is

greater than the angle of refraction.

on the other hand, if the ray passes from a denser to a rarer medium, as from glass to air the refracted ray

moves away from the normal

A perpendicular NN' drawn at B to the surface of separation PQ

is called the normal at B

The angle ABN

is called the angle of incidence and the

angle CBN' is called

the angle of refraction.

If the ray of

light passes from a rarer to a denser medium, as from air to glass the rays refracted

towards the normal

That is the angle of incidence is

greater than the angle of refraction.

on the other hand, if the ray passes from a denser to a rarer medium, as from glass to air the refracted ray

moves away from the normal

that is the angle of incidence is

smaller than the angle of refraction.

The angle ABN

is called the angle of incidence and the

angle CBN' is called

the angle of refraction.

If the ray of

light passes from a rarer to a denser medium, as from air to glass the rays refracted

towards the normal

That is the angle of incidence is

greater than the angle of refraction.

on the other hand, if the ray passes from a denser to a rarer medium, as from glass to air the refracted ray

moves away from the normal

that is the angle of incidence is

smaller than the angle of refraction.

The laws of refraction of light are as

follows: the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal of the surface of separation

at the point of incidenc lie in one plane

and the incident and the refracted rays lie on the opposite side of the normal.

That is the angle of incidence is

greater than the angle of refraction.

on the other hand, if the ray passes from a denser to a rarer medium, as from glass to air the refracted ray

moves away from the normal

that is the angle of incidence is

smaller than the angle of refraction.

The laws of refraction of light are as

follows: the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal of the surface of separation

at the point of incidenc lie in one plane

and the incident and the refracted rays lie on the opposite side of the normal.

The ratio of The sine of angle of incidence/The sine of angle of incidence is a constant. for any two media and for

the light of a given wavelength

on the other hand, if the ray passes from a denser to a rarer medium, as from glass to air the refracted ray

moves away from the normal

that is the angle of incidence is

smaller than the angle of refraction.

The laws of refraction of light are as

follows: the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal of the surface of separation

at the point of incidenc lie in one plane

and the incident and the refracted rays lie on the opposite side of the normal.

The ratio of The sine of angle of incidence/The sine of angle of incidence is a constant. for any two media and for

the light of a given wavelength

If If i= angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction, according to the econd law $$tthe\ ratio\sin i\ /\sin r\ =\mu$$  

that is the angle of incidence is

smaller than the angle of refraction.

The laws of refraction of light are as

follows: the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal of the surface of separation

at the point of incidenc lie in one plane

and the incident and the refracted rays lie on the opposite side of the normal.

The ratio of The sine of angle of incidence/The sine of angle of incidence is a constant. for any two media and for

the light of a given wavelength

If If i= angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction, according to the econd law $$tthe\ ratio\sin i\ /\sin r\ =\mu$$  

The physical constant μ,

is called the refractive index of the

second medium with respect to the first

The laws of refraction of light are as

follows: the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal of the surface of separation

at the point of incidenc lie in one plane

and the incident and the refracted rays lie on the opposite side of the normal.

The ratio of The sine of angle of incidence/The sine of angle of incidence is a constant. for any two media and for

the light of a given wavelength

If If i= angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction, according to the econd law $$tthe\ ratio\sin i\ /\sin r\ =\mu$$  

The physical constant μ,

is called the refractive index of the

second medium with respect to the first

The laws of refraction of light are as

follows: the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal of the surface of separation

at the point of incidenc lie in one plane

and the incident and the refracted rays lie on the opposite side of the normal.

The ratio of The sine of angle of incidence/The sine of angle of incidence is a constant. for any two media and for

the light of a given wavelength

If If i= angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction, according to the econd law $$tthe\ ratio\sin i\ /\sin r\ =\mu$$  

The physical constant μ,

is called the refractive index of the

second medium with respect to the first

the refractive index of a medium however

depends on the velocity of light in the medium

it may be shown that μ is equal to velocity of light in vacuum/by velocity of light in the medium = c/v

The ratio of The sine of angle of incidence/The sine of angle of incidence is a constant. for any two media and for

the light of a given wavelength

If If i= angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction, according to the econd law $$tthe\ ratio\sin i\ /\sin r\ =\mu$$  

The physical constant μ,

is called the refractive index of the

second medium with respect to the first

the refractive index of a medium however

depends on the velocity of light in the medium

it may be shown that μ is equal to velocity of light in vacuum/by velocity of light in the medium = c/v

for example the refractive index

of glass with respect to

air is 1.51. this means that when refraction

occurs from air to glass the ratio of

the signs of those two angles is 1.51

If If i= angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction, according to the econd law $$tthe\ ratio\sin i\ /\sin r\ =\mu$$  

The physical constant μ,

is called the refractive index of the

second medium with respect to the first

the refractive index of a medium however

depends on the velocity of light in the medium

it may be shown that μ is equal to velocity of light in vacuum/by velocity of light in the medium = c/v

for example the refractive index

of glass with respect to

air is 1.51. this means that when refraction

occurs from air to glass the ratio of

the signs of those two angles is 1.51

The physical constant μ,

is called the refractive index of the

second medium with respect to the first

the refractive index of a medium however

depends on the velocity of light in the medium

the second law of refraction

is also referred to as snell's law after

the name of Dr. Willebrord Snell

it may be shown that μ is equal to velocity of light in vacuum/by velocity of light in the medium = c/v

for example the refractive index

of glass with respect to

air is 1.51. this means that when refraction

occurs from air to glass the ratio of

the signs of those two angles is 1.51

who enunciated this law however he did

not publish his work on refraction

it became known only in 1703, 70 years after his death

the refractive index of a medium however

depends on the velocity of light in the medium

the second law of refraction

is also referred to as snell's law after

the name of Dr. Willebrord Snell

it may be shown that μ is equal to velocity of light in vacuum/by velocity of light in the medium = c/v

for example the refractive index

of glass with respect to

air is 1.51. this means that when refraction

occurs from air to glass the ratio of

the signs of those two angles is 1.51

who enunciated this law however he did

not publish his work on refraction.

it became known only in 1703, 70 years after his death when higgins published his result

dioptrix

that was all about snell's law thank y

for watching and don't forget to like

share and subscribe to our channel

explified

the second law of refraction

is also referred to as snell's law after

the name of Dr. Willebrord Snell

it may be shown that μ is equal to velocity of light in vacuum/by velocity of light in the medium = c/v

for example the refractive index

of glass with respect to

air is 1.51. this means that when refraction

occurs from air to glass the ratio of

the signs of those two angles is 1.51

who enunciated this law however he did

not publish his work on refraction.

it became known only in 1703, 70 years after his death when higgins published his result

dioptrix

that was all about snell's law thank y

for watching and don't forget to like

share and subscribe to our channel

explified

the second law of refraction

is also referred to as snell's law after

the name of Dr. Willebrord Snell

it may be shown that μ is equal to velocity of light in vacuum/by velocity of light in the medium = c/v

for example the refractive index

of glass with respect to

air is 1.51. this means that when refraction

occurs from air to glass the ratio of

the signs of those two angles is 1.51

who enunciated this law however he did

not publish his work on refraction.

it became known only in 1703, 70 years after his death when higgins published his result

dioptrix

that was all about snell's law thank y

for watching and don't forget to like

share and subscribe to our channel

explified

the second law of refraction

is also referred to as snell's law after

the name of Dr. Willebrord Snell

it may be shown that μ is equal to velocity of light in vacuum/by velocity of light in the medium = c/v

for example the refractive index

of glass with respect to

air is 1.51. this means that when refraction

occurs from air to glass the ratio of

the signs of those two angles is 1.51

who enunciated this law however he did

not publish his work on refraction.

it became known only in 1703, 70 years after his death when higgins published his result

dioptrix

that was all about snell's law thank y

for watching and don't forget to like

share and subscribe to our channel

explified

the second law of refraction

is also referred to as snell's law after

the name of Dr. Willebrord Snell

it may be shown that μ is equal to velocity of light in vacuum/by velocity of light in the medium = c/v

for example the refractive index

of glass with respect to

air is 1.51. this means that when refraction

occurs from air to glass the ratio of

the signs of those two angles is 1.51

who enunciated this law however he did

not publish his work on refraction.

it became known only in 1703, 70 years after his death when higgins published his result

dioptrix

that was all about snell's law thank y

for watching and don't forget to like

share and subscribe to our channel

explified

the second law of refraction

is also referred to as snell's law after

the name of Dr. Willebrord Snell