is a specialized multinucleated cells that are

capable of resorbing bone.

are processes of bone that are the

insertion of many muscles.

Which are following are long bones (select all that apply)

Which bone is found on the lateral side of the lower leg?

Diaphysis: Epiphysis

the region of diaphysial transformation

of the primary into secondary osseous trabeculae.

the region

between diaphysial and epiphysial ossification centers

GROWTH IN LENGTH OF LONG BONES is assured as

long as the zone of proliferating ------- remains

active.

consists of osteocytes and mineralized

osseous ground substance (osseous matrix) with

systems of collagenous fibers.

- The dry matter of a fully differentiated bone is

made up of one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic

constituents

- After demineralization the bone retains its external

form, but its rigidity is lost and it becomes flexible.

Long bones of the limbs, which have an ?------ at

each end and a bone-shaft or diaphysis between them,

invest individual muscles as a lattice-like structured

covering (dense connective tissue covering).

The ?---- improves the gliding of a tendon upon

a bony prominence.

The wall of a synovial sheath consists of a ???

, which passes over into a tendinous part by way of

the ?

this 2 have the function of

protecting the tendon, which because of pressure or rubbing as

it passes upon hard and pointed underlying bone can be crushed

or splayed.

muscle and tendons are discussed

together since the two complement one another in structure

and function

In its typical ----? form, the muscle in

respect of its shape is comparable to a small mouse and the term

‘musculus’ means ‘small mouse.’ Like the small mouse, the

muscle has a head (origin), a belly and a tail (insertion or

termination)

The ??-- of origin is attached at a more fixed point on

the skeleton (usually proximal on the body). The ----?? of

insertion ends at a more moveable point that is usually distal on

the body.

With some muscles, for example, on the ______? ,

origin and insertion are interchangeable.

Striated, skeletal, musculature is ____? to the skeleton.

A variant of cross-striated muscle of the visceral type is also

present in portions of the. All the following except:?

The striated ____? also has no direct

connection to the skeleton but is invested by the superficial

fascia of the body and terminates in the skin where it functions

to move and to tense the skin.

the _____? passes

from the rectum to the caudal vertebra

is present as the

working musculature of the heart and as the impulse

conducting system for cardiac contraction.

The ____? also extends onto the first part of the pulmonary

and caval veins where they pass to the atria of the heart.

The color of striated skeletal musculature is more or less ?

The working muscle of the

heart is continuously active and is of red-brown color

the_____? muscle cells may reach a considerable

length, up to 15 cm and an individual cell may possess several

hundred nuclei.

(genesis by cell fusion) and a muscle fiber.

The length of ____? in the three kinds of muscle is quite

different.

Cross-striated skeletal muscle is

represented in the body with about

The ___? can vary considerably

with change in physiological parameters; e.g., in the gravid uterus,

the length of cells can increase tenfold and more

The ____? is limited by the

intercalated discs. The cardiac musculature can be regarded as a

syncytium only in the functional view, but not morphologically

Stimulation is conducted from these to neighboring cells across

electrical ____?(nexus).

The ____? varies greatly and is dependent on

topography and function.

Each muscle cell is bounded by a ,(sarcolemma)

external to which is a basal lamina and fine collagen fibrils and

reticular fibers.

The latter radiate into the surrounding tissue, between

neighboring muscle cells, as ___?

SHAPE OF BONES

(most of the limb bones)

SHAPE OF BONES

(certain cranial and facial bones)

SHAPE OF BONES

(tarsal and carpal bones)

SHAPE OF BONES

(vertebrae)

GROWTH IN CIRCUMFERENCE of the bone results

primarily from the apposition of bony lamellae produced

on the inner aspect of the thin osteogenic layer of the

the compact substance that forms the wall of the medullary

cavity of long bones, the cortical substance of the epiphysial surface

and the surface of the short bones, and the trabecular meshwork of

spongy substance in the interior of the bone.

consists of lamellar osseous tissue.

____? are the predominant structural units of the lamellar

bone tissue. They are between the external circumferential lamellae

at the external surface of the compact substance and the internal

circumferential lamellae at the boundary to the medullary cavity and

the spongy bone tissue.

___? occurs as a

superficial layer in short bones and epiphyses.

___? lies internal to the compact

substance and consists only in places of atypical lamellar

osseous tissue.

___? run as fine periosteal arteries in the

depth of the periosteum.

___? consists of a non-mineralized

superficial zone from which collagenous fibers run tangential

to the surface and then, by change of their course, penetrate

deeply into the intermediate zone and into the even more

deeply located mineralized deep zone.

___? consists of a superficial fibrous layer,

from which perforating fibers radiate into the compact

substance, and of an osteogenic layer (Cambium) rich

in cells and bearing numerous vessels and nerves.

___? are the periosteum, the

articular cartilage, the vessels and the bone marrow.

___? lines the walls of the medullary cavity

and the medullary spaces. It is much thinner than the

periosteum and contains precursor cells capable of

forming osteoblasts, as well as osteoclasts.

The vessels enter the bone by canals that lead to the central

canal of the osteon, where they are named ___?

The transverse canals connecting the osteons are ___?

is located in the medullary cavity and in

the medullary spaces of the spongy bone.

In the fetus and juvenile organism it is widespread as