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CWF Sociology midterm review

Total questions: 180

Worksheet time: 2hrs 31mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Societal changes in the aftermath of the Great Recession suggest that we are moving into an age in which people are more like to do which of these?

a)

Rely on credit more than ever before.

b)

Prefer more do-it-yourself to store- bought products.

c)

Spend their money on more high-end goods and entertainment.

d)

Spend money reluctantly

2.

A researcher studying a local school district realizes its problems are also recurring in the majority of public school districts within the United States. This researcher is connecting ______ to ______ phenomena.

a)

agency; structure

b)

private; public

c)

micro; macro

d)

local; global

3.

Which of the following was of special importance to the founding of Sociology?

a)

The shift from the industrial age to the postindustrial age.

b)

Bureaucracies

c)

The Industrial Revolution

d)

Globalization

4.

The growth of the service sector and white collar work in the mid-20th century gave rise to what age?

a)

the consumer age

b)

the postindustrial age

c)

the information age

d)

the digital age

5.

Traditionally, which of these was the largest unit of analysis in sociology?

a)

Inequalities

b)

Groups

c)

Societies

d)

Dyads

6.

As globalization takes place, what happens to the movement of products and people?

a)

They become more unequal.

b)

They become more fluid.

c)

They become more monitored.

d)

They become more regulated.

7.

What is the term associated with increased negative global flows, such as the black market for human organs or sex trafficking?

a)

Deviant globalization

b)

Hypercapitalism

c)

Terrorism

d)

Anti-globalization

8.

Starting in the 1950s, developed countries with capitalist economies began to shift from _____ to ______.

a)

working class; middle class

b)

manufacturing; providing services

c)

affluence; recession

d)

production; consumption

9.

McDonaldization is a concept that describes which of these?

a)

The process of globalization.

b)

The creation of an unskilled and low-paid underclass of workers.

c)

The way that cultural diffusion happens.

d)

The creation of rational systems that can guide mass production.

10.

Jane works at a company that emphasizes that people should do tasks as quickly and cheaply as possible. Which characteristic of McDonaldization does this exemplify?

a)

Calculability

b)

Control

c)

Predictability

d)

Efficiency

11.

Which if these is associated with the interplay of machines, tools, skill, and procedures for the accomplishment of tasks?

a)

Technology

b)

Globalization

c)

Consumption

d)

McDonaldization

12.

Many people initially believe that when they get laid off from their job, they are experiencing bad luck but soon come to realize that their situation is related to current economic conditions. In making this condition, they are linking their _____troubles to _____issues.

a)

public; private

b)

secret; overt

c)

common; individualistic

d)

private; public

13.

Which analytical approach would a researcher be using if they interview neighborhood residents to gain some insight into experiences of local crime.?

a)

Social construction

b)

Macro

c)

Dangerous giant

d)

Micro

14.

According to Erving Goffman, the Vietnam War protesters would be considered______as they realized their power to create change and affect the entire society.

a)

dangerous giants

b)

the power elite

c)

social constructionists

d)

free riders

15.

Which of these is true of the agency-structure relationship?

a)

It shows that individuals are powerless to make changes.

b)

It shows that agency is a macro phenomenon.

c)

It shows how individual action is both assisted and impaired by social structures.

16.

What is the name for the fact that individuals create social reality through their thoughts and actions?

a)

Social construction of reality

b)

Social structure

c)

Agency-structure relationshop

d)

Micro-macro relationship

17.

Sports teams and governmental hierarchies are examples of ______.

a)

social classes

b)

social structures

c)

social processes

d)

social worlds

18.

Sociology is divided between those that advocate for a_______ approach to social problems and those that advocate for a ______ approach.

a)

pure science; social reform

b)

personal; community

c)

statistical; narrative

d)

public; private

19.

How is sociology different from commonsense understandings of the social world?

a)

Sociology focuses only on questions of scientific relevance.

b)

Sociology is systematic and rigorous; common sense is not .

c)

Sociology is intentional; common sense is not.

d)

Sociology requires sampling large portions of the population.

20.

White collar work, bureaucracies, and the growth of the service sector are associated with the postindustrial age.

a)

True

b)

False

21.

The most important change today is deglobalization.

a)

True

b)

False

22.

In the global age, societies are increasing in importance.

a)

True

b)

False

23.

In the global age, borders between European countries have increased, while borders between countries in other parts of the world have relaxed.

a)

True

b)

False

24.

Globalization's impact has been predominately negative.

a)

True

b)

False

25.

The gender age gap is a private issue because society is not benefiting from the many contributions women could be making.

a)

True

b)

False

26.

Sociology is the systematic study of which of these?

a)

the way people are influenced by mental illness

b)

the way people are affected and affect social structures and processes

c)

the way people interpret and create language

d)

the way people are influenced by history

27.

The process by which people obtain and use goods and services is known as which of these?

a)

consumption

b)

flows

c)

globaliztion

d)

society

28.

The SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINIATION was written by

a)

Emile Durkheim

b)

Karl Marx

c)

Auguste Comte

d)

C. Wright Mills

29.

The goal of sociologists who see sociology as a pure science is primarily____.

a)

advocacy

b)

social change

c)

knowledge-gathering

d)

myth-busting

30.

McDonadization is the process by which the principle of a fast-food restaurant come to dominate societal sectors.

a)

True

b)

False

31.

Leon's Facebook page is filled with the many expensive and fine foods he purchases when he travels. Which of these concepts does Leon's Facebook page exemplify?

a)

collective conscience

b)

conspicuous leisure

c)

conspicuous consumption

d)

alienation

32.

Students learn many things at school. One of them is to develop skills, such as learning to schedule their time and the significance of deadlines. What type of function would sociologists identify as describing this learning?

a)

dysfunction

b)

manifest function

c)

ideological function

d)

latent function

33.

Which theory sees society as held together by power and coercion?

a)

conflict theory

b)

exchange theory

c)

rational choice theory

d)

structuralism

34.

With which statement would Ralf Dahrendorf agree?

a)

Authority resides in the past, not the present.

b)

Authority resides in positions, not specific individuals.

c)

Authority resides in the societal level, not the individual level.

d)

Authority resides in functions, not structures.

35.

Peter and Mary have been married for several years. Peter has been unhappy for several months and is thinking about initiating a divorce. He decides to make a list of the benefits and costs of the relationship. Peter is using a form of which theory?

a)

structural- functional theory

b)

symbolic interactionist theory

c)

exchange theory

d)

conflict theory

36.

A sociologist who spends an excessive amount of time living in and observing an immigrant community to understand their daily activities would be using which research method?

a)

secondary analysis

b)

interviews

c)

netnography

d)

ethnography

37.

Which of these is a disadvantage of secondary analysis?

a)

A researcher must conduct face-to-face interviews, which are hard to arrange.

b)

It is typically more time-consuming than analyzing one's own data.

c)

A researcher must conduct extensive surveys, which have low response rates.

d)

The data may not fit the researchers needs.

38.

Even though they are scientists, sociologists avoid the scientific method because it has shown to be biased when used with humans.

a)

True

b)

False

39.

The three main areas of ethical concern for sociologists fall under physical and psychological harm to participants, illegal acts of researchers, and deception and violation of participant trust.

a)

True

b)

False

40.

Karl Marx observed that workers produce virtually everything, but get a small portion of reward for it, while the owners do little work and make large rewards off the labor of those who work for them. What is the term for this phenomenon?

a)

alienation

b)

ideology

c)

class consciousness

d)

exploitation

41.

Which term best describes the proletariat's realization that they are being exploited?

a)

collective consciousness

b)

class consciousness

c)

double consciousness

d)

sociological consciousness

42.

Max Weber analyzed capitalism, but his real interest was in the increase of which of these?

a)

suicide

b)

rationalization

c)

alienation

d)

religion

43.

Grog is a hunter in an early hunting and gathering society. Everyone in Grog's tribe does the same kind of basic work: hunting, gathering, and cooking. Which type of solidarity would Emile Durkheim say best fits Grog's tribe?

a)

anomic solidarity

b)

alienated solidarity

c)

mechanical solidarity

d)

organic solidarity

44.

Which of these refers to the sense of "twoness" that arises from being both American and African American?

a)

double awareness

b)

double consciousness

c)

dual conscience

d)

color line

45.

Which theorists focus on underlying structures because they think that what happens below the surface is highly consequential to the shape of society?

a)

structuralists

b)

critical theorists

c)

conflict theorists

d)

rational choice theorists

46.

Which theorists believe that culture has become more important than the economic system?

a)

feminists

b)

structural-functional theorists

c)

queer theorists

d)

critical theorists

47.

Which theory is based on the idea that there are no fixed and stable identities that determine who we are?

a)

interactionist theory

b)

queer theory

c)

conflict theory

d)

structural theory

48.

Nan goes to Las Vegas to visit the Eiffel Tower at the Paris Las Vegas hotel and casino. This is an example of which of these concepts?

a)

pastiche

b)

simulation

c)

exposition

d)

grand narrative

49.

Which of these is the premise of the rational choice theory?

a)

Rewards and costs determine a person's choices.

b)

People act intentionally to achieve goals.

c)

Coercion is the driving force behind all decisions.

d)

Individual choices are only limited by self-generated constraints.

50.

Maria is a researcher who wants to report the average cost of college tuition from the 1950's until present time. Which type of statistics will she use?

a)

historical

b)

inferential

c)

prescriptive

d)

descriptive

51.

Which one of the following is a benefit to unstructured interviews?

a)

The limits on the researchers' reactions to answers yield less biased answers.

b)

The responses can be easily analyzed using quantitative methods.

c)

The questions are asked in the exact same order.

d)

Respondents can cover issues that are meaningful to them.

52.

Experimentation manipulates one or more ______variables to examine their effect on one or more _____ variables.

a)

independent; dependent

b)

dependent; independent

c)

qualitative; quantitative

d)

valid; reliable

53.

John, a sociologist, decides to conduct a research study examining violence in television shows for the past 5 years. This is an example of _____.

a)

a survey

b)

an observational study

c)

content analysis

d)

an experiment

54.

Ethics in research became a central concern at what point in history?

a)

In 1848, when Marx released the COMMUNIST MANIFESTO.

b)

In the late 1960s, when civil rights movements raised awareness on all issues.

c)

Since the French Revolution in 1789.

d)

Following WW II, in response to atrocities committed by the Nazis

55.

Laud Humphrey's research on homosexual activities in men's restrooms became a famous case of ethical controversy in social scientific research. What about Humphrey's research was ethically questionable?

a)

Humphreys told research participants he was a sociologist.

b)

Humphreys asked individuals to participate in his study.

c)

Humphreys used license plate numbers to target their homes and interview the men without disclosing the real subject for his study.

d)

Humphreys was not gay.

56.

Jenny is most interested in spending her paycheck on designer goods and being able to show them off to her friends. Jenny is exemplifying a double consciousness.

a)

True

b)

False

57.

Critical theorists focus on class struggles in a capitalist economy.

a)

True

b)

False

58.

According to rational choice theory, people act INTENTIONALLY to achieve their goals.

a)

True

b)

False

59.

Validity is the degree that a question produces the same results time after time.

a)

True

b)

False

60.

When Trevor's computer stopped working correctly, he called a computer repair technician to fix it. The computer repair technician depends on people like Trevor, who need computers fixed so he can earn a livelihood. What best describes this relationship?

a)

mechanical solidarity

b)

integrated solidarity

c)

structured solidarity

d)

organic solidarity

61.

Alicia has had an excellent driving record for 3 years, so she received a 30% discount on her auto insurance. Discounts on auto insurance are examples of which of the following?

a)

negative sanctions

b)

positive mores

c)

positive sanctions

d)

external sanctions

62.

Joan, a college student, receives an F in her chemistry class because she performed poorly on her exams an missed class on a regular basis. Which of these is exemplified by her grade?

a)

an informal sanction

b)

a positive folkway

c)

a law

d)

a negative sanction

63.

Which of these allow(s) a group of people or society to carry out their collective lives in relative order and harmony?

a)

culture

b)

social norms

c)

technology

d)

evolution

64.

A collection of ideas, values, practices, and material objects that mean a great deal to a group of people is known as ______.

a)

culture

b)

society

c)

community

d)

norms

65.

In the United States today, the aging baby boomers are working much longer than previous generations and this change is revolutionizing many aspects of culture. What type of cultural change is this?

a)

internal change

b)

external change

c)

norm change

d)

value change

66.

Americans' belief in democracy is associated with which of these?

a)

norms

b)

sanctions

c)

values

d)

folkways

67.

Genie texts in class. Which of these has she likely violated?

a)

a more

b)

a folkway

c)

a value

d)

a law

68.

Most Americans say they value democracy, but only 60% voted in the 2016 presidential election. This is an example of which of these?

a)

the difference between ideal and real culture

b)

the difference between mores and folkways

c)

the difference between values and beliefs

d)

the difference between subcultures and countercultures

69.

____ is made up of norms and values that indicate what members of society should believe in and do.

a)

Ideal culture

b)

Real culture

c)

Symbolic culture

d)

Majority culture

70.

Which of these is a dominant ideology in the United States?

a)

poverty

b)

meritocracy

c)

anti-Americanism

d)

intolerance

71.

Which magazine is most likely to feature culture jamming?

a)

People

b)

Adbusters

c)

Time

d)

National Geographic

72.

The imposition of one culture, more or less consciously , on other cultures, is called____.

a)

ethnocentrism

b)

cultural relativism

c)

cultural imperialism

d)

multiculturalism

73.

Online etiquette, or netiquette, tends to be_____.

a)

normative

b)

implicit

c)

explicit

d)

sanctioned

74.

Children are not considered able to make informed choices about consumption and are therefore more susceptible than adults to be _______ by advertisers.

a)

ignored

b)

engaged

c)

valued

d)

exploited

75.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Which of these is an example of symbolic culture?

a)

the word "go"

b)

the value of hard work

c)

the belief in the rightness of democracy

d)

an item of clothing

76.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Which of these is an example of a subculture in the United States?

a)

members of the LGBTQ community

b)

dog lovers

c)

parents with small children

d)

Muslims

77.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Black power and feminism are associated with which of these?

a)

countercultures

b)

identity politics

c)

multiculturalism

d)

assimilation

78.

Cultural change causes cultural collapse.

a)

True

b)

False

79.

Sanctions can be positive or negative.

a)

True

b)

False

80.

The largest group of immigrants to the United States today are from eastern and central Europe.

a)

True

b)

False

81.

Children reared in social isolation are unlikely to fully develop a self-image. According to ____________, that is because they have no one to respond to them.

a)

looking glass self theory

b)

disengagement theory

c)

role-taking theory

d)

labeling theory

82.

Mike, at 10, is a pitcher on the baseball team. He is learning his position as well as learning the duties of the other players on the team. According to George Herbert Mead, Mike is in which of these stages?

a)

The generalized other

b)

The game stage

c)

The self-stage

d)

The play stage

83.

Sophia is at a movie when her phone starts ringing. Aware that this is quite distracting to others around her, she immediately silences her phone. Sophia is responding to which of these?

a)

the generalized other

b)

the game stage

c)

the play stage

d)

the looking glass self

84.

Adam lost his job as a machine operator when his company moved overseas. He returned to school to become an accountant. Which process below describe Adam's experience?

a)

resocialization

b)

anticipatory socialization

c)

primary socialization

d)

acculturation

85.

Julie is a high school teacher. On the same day she is due to give her students their final exam, her two children become sick. She doesn't know if she should stay home with her children or leave them with a sitter, so she can administer the exam. Which of these is Julie experiencing?

a)

status overload

b)

status stress

c)

role conflict

d)

role stress

86.

Steve is a college senior who has five finals scheduled on the same day. He also has practice for the upcoming swim meet and go to work. Steve is experiencing which of these?

a)

role strain

b)

status strain

c)

role overload

d)

status overload

87.

Joan is not sure if she wants to become an engineer, so she decides to take an internrship at a local engineering firm and joins an engineering club at her college. Engineers are Joan's_______.

a)

reference group

b)

ascribed group

c)

primary group

d)

secondary group

88.

To which of these fundamental sociological questions are "feral children" most related to?

a)

micro/macro

b)

cognition/culture

c)

nature/nurture

d)

individual/group

89.

Which theorist is associated with symbolic interactionism?

a)

Sigmund Freud

b)

George Herbert Mead

c)

Max Weber

d)

Robert Merton

90.

According to George Herbert Mead, gestures made by only humans are called______.

a)

interactionism

b)

significant symbols

c)

primary socialization

d)

socialization gestures

91.

Jimmie constantly changes his Facebook profile page to convey that he has an active social life. This shows that _________is/are not only a face-to-face phenomenon, but that it also applies to social networking online.

a)

the back stage

b)

a conversation of gestures

c)

significant symbols

d)

impression management

92.

Many students feel as if the college classroom is their________ stage because they are concerned about how others view them and want to make sure that they correctly answer questions posed by the teacher.

a)

front

b)

back

c)

secondary

d)

primary

93.

When Sue comes home from work, she gets changed and takes off her makeup. Sue is not concerned with her appearance, as she is not going out for the rest of the night. When Sue returns home from work, she is in her _____ stage.

a)

front

b)

back

c)

primary

d)

secondary

94.

Jose's parents speak Spanish only. Jose learns English while attending high school and teaches his parents a little each night. What does Jose's teaching exemplify?

a)

resocialization

b)

anticipatory socialization

c)

reverse socialization

d)

role-taking

95.

What is the term for parenting that rejects binary gender roles?

a)

differential socialization

b)

anti-feminism

c)

gender-neutral childrearing

d)

reverse socialization

96.

Which of the following is true of cyberbullying?

a)

It is more difficult to do than face-to-face bullying

b)

It involves more complications than face-to-face bullying

c)

It generally has roots in the face-to-face world of those who it involves

d)

Boys and girls are equally likely to experience it

97.

Which of these is true of an interaction?

a)

It requires two or more people

b)

It is only a building block of micro-level phenomena

c)

It must take place face-to-face

d)

It cannot involve conflict

98.

Which of the following represents a "superordinate-subordinate" relationship?

a)

a manager and an employee

b)

a soccer player and a soccer fan

c)

students in the same class

d)

singers in a choir

99.

Renee helps Joe with his math homework, and in return, she expects that Joe will help her with her English homework. This is an example of which of these?

a)

resocialization

b)

reciprocity

c)

symbolic interaction

d)

secondary socialization

100.

Which theory focuses on people's everyday practices, especially when interaction is involved?

a)

ethnomethodology

b)

symbolic structuralism

c)

exchange theory

d)

impression management

101.

Robert is a son, friend, father, and teacher. Which do each of these exemplify?

a)

Robert's role making

b)

Robert's backstage

c)

Robert's statuses

d)

Robert's roles

102.

A _____ is a person's position within a social system; a _____ is what is expected of a person in this position.

a)

status; role

b)

role; persona

c)

role; status

d)

persona; role

103.

According to Geog Simmel, a ------ is the most basic of interpersonal relationships.

a)

triad

b)

dyad

c)

couplet

d)

trio

104.

Marie's brothers and father are emotionally close and spend a great deal of time together. To which type of group would they belong?

a)

a secondary group

b)

a primary group

c)

a tertiary group

d)

a reference group

105.

An example of role conflict would be a man who needs to attend a business meeting at the same time his children have a playoff baseball game.

a)

True

b)

False

106.

Which of these is an example of a highly rational organization?

a)

a bureaucracy

b)

a dyad

c)

a community

d)

a group

107.

Both a university and Walmart exemplify which of these?

a)

dyads

b)

organizations

c)

corporations

d)

bureaucracies

108.

According to Max Weber, a(an) _____ is a model in which the degree of rationality is greatly exaggerated.

a)

model type

b)

real type

c)

prototype

d)

ideal type

109.

Max Weber's three different types of authority differ from each other in which of these ways?

a)

by how many people are subject to the authority

b)

by what makes the authority legitimate

c)

by the type of domination the authorites represent

d)

by how peaceful or violent people are when faced with the authority

110.

A U.S. senator exemplifies which type of authority?

a)

charismatic

b)

rational-legal

c)

traditional

d)

domination

111.

The fact that the rationality of a bureaucratic organization is limited by the instabilities and conflicts that exist in most organizations is referred to as which of these?

a)

rational-legal rationality

b)

bounded rationality

c)

technical rationality

d)

charismatic rationality

112.

Which of these best describes PARKINSON'S LAW?

a)

Never underestimate the power of the secretary.

b)

Employees tend to rise to the level of their incompetence.

c)

The more a bureaucracy tries to be efficient, the more forms there are to fill out.

d)

Work expands to fill the available time.

113.

Joan calls a computer company for assistance and is transferred to several people. After she is on the phone for 30 additional minutes, she is disconnected. What has Joan just experienced?

a)

the Peter principle

b)

Parkinson's Law

c)

legal-rational authority

d)

red tape

114.

When a country is ruled by a small group of people at the top who exercise a great deal of power, often illegitimately obtained, it is termed which of these?

a)

informal bureaucracy

b)

oligarchy

c)

capitalist dictatorship

d)

democracy

115.

When a man works in a female -dominated organization, they may find themselves promoted past equally competent, or even more competent, women. What is the term to describe this phenomenon?

a)

glass cage

b)

glass trampoline

c)

glass ceiling

d)

glass escalator

116.

Women face the _____, in which they can't get promoted past a certain level in bureaucratic organizations despite their qualifications.

a)

glass ceiling

b)

glass elevator

c)

glass escalator

d)

glass cage

117.

Janelle and several of her female friends were recently asked to become members of a board of directors of an organization that was in financial trouble. The organization had to declare bankruptcy and all three women found themselves in a precarious position in their professional careers as they dealt with the organizational fallout. Which of these terms may be applicable in this scenario?

a)

glass ceiling

b)

glass escalator

c)

glass cage

d)

glass cliff

118.

Sexual harassment can consist of many types of unwanted sexual attention such as jokes, remarks, sexual advances, but to be illegal, which of these must occur?

a)

It must directly influence someone's pay or promotion.

b)

It must be offensive not just to the victim but to the workplace culture.

c)

It must be recurrent or severe enough to create a hostile workplace.

d)

It must come from a high-ranking man to a low-ranking woman.

119.

Juan fills out his own tax form, printing his postage from home. Which of these terms is best applied to Juan?

a)

producer

b)

bureaucrat

c)

prosumer

d)

employee

120.

Call center work in India is an example of which of these?

a)

informationalism

b)

offshore outsourcing

c)

McDonaldization

d)

downsizing

121.

Donald Trump advocated for the decrease of offshore operations and bringing companies back to the United States. What is this called?

a)

offshore outsourcing

b)

downsizing

c)

backsourcing

d)

McDonaldization

122.

Which of these is a characteristic of a network organization?

a)

authoritarian decision-making

b)

clear boundaries

c)

vertical structure

d)

flexible produciton

123.

People who live in a large city, such as Los Angeles, may feel a sense of being disconnected from each other. Which term characterizes this phenomenon?

a)

gesellschaft society

b)

informationalism

c)

gemeinschaft society

d)

risk society

124.

The Irish are an example of a ______, as they are a large group of people who are linked through a common descent.

a)

nation-state

b)

nation

c)

race

d)

state

125.

Which of these defines the main difference between Microsoft and Linux?

a)

One can be used on any device and the other only works on laptops.

b)

One is only sold in the United States and the other is sold globally.

c)

One is priced for individual use and the other is only for commercial use.

d)

One is proprietary and only people at the company work on it, and the other one is open-source and anyone in the world can contribute to it.

126.

Max Weber created ideal types to model how social phenomena regularly operate.

a)

True

b)

False

127.

A customer service agent more interested in obtaining a customer's Social Security number than helping than helping them resolve an issue can be said to have a BUREAUCRATIC PERSONALITY.

a)

True

b)

False

128.

Max Weber's ideal type bureaucracy included gender discrimination.

a)

True

b)

False

129.

The network organization came into existence during which decade?

a)

1990s

b)

1960s

c)

1970s

d)

1980s

130.

Some of the most important and most obvious barriers to global flows are those constructed by nation-states, but nation-states have been losing control over global flows.

a)

True

b)

False

131.

Which of these is true of current global trends toward normalizing sexuality?

a)

Twenty-five countries punish "deviant" sexual behavior by imprisonment.

b)

Eighty-five countries protect "deviant" sexual behavior by law

c)

No countries punish "deviant" sexual behavior by death

d)

Five countries recognize same-sex unions

132.

Saul is a drug dealer who wants to make quick money. According to strain theory, Saul exemplifies which of these?

a)

an innovator

b)

a ritualist

c)

a conformist

d)

a retreatist

133.

A researcher who studies organized crime and utilizes the interactionist perspective would focus on which of these?

a)

how a person involved in organized crime chooses to display or hide this association across different settings

b)

how elites an non elites are punished differently for participation in organized crime

c)

how large scale societal institutions are affected by organized crime

d)

how organized crime plays an important role in various societies

134.

When it was revealed that a prominent member of the community had cheated on his wife with many women, he was called a variety of names associating him with his affairs and his reputation suffered. This is an example of ....

a)

being labeled according to labeling theory

b)

being irrational according to rational choice theory

c)

being dysfunctional according to functionalism

d)

being socially controlled according to social control theory

135.

Mary has struggled with prescription drug abuse for years. Her coworkers consider her behavior to be extremely disruptive to her work performance and want her to get help. Mary's coworkers are an example of which of these?

a)

labeling agents

b)

deviant agents

c)

strain agents

d)

social control agents

136.

Joseph is at a fraternity party and drinks excessively for the first time in his life. Which of these does his behavior exemplify?

a)

situational

deviance

b)

tertiary deviance

c)

secondary deviance

d)

primary deviance

137.

The acceptability and acceptance of various forms of sexuality exemplifies how deviance is a global flow.

a)

True

b)

False

138.

Many conditions that were once considered deviant have shifted over time to be which of these?

a)

stigmatized

b)

normal

c)

crimes

d)

mental illness based

139.

Which of these is true of tatoos?

a)

They have always been and always will be deviant

b)

They used to be accepted for adults but are now accepted for teens

c)

They used to be illegal but are now stigmatized

d)

They used to be considered deviant but are now commonplace

140.

Which of the following is true of smoking?

a)

It is considered deviant in the United States but normal in China

b)

It is considered normal in the United States but deviant in China

c)

It is a good example of something that has always been and will always be deviant

d)

It is considered the norm but not very healthy

141.

Which of these is true of deviant consumption?

a)

Some consumers of items in the same group may be labeled deviant while others may not (e.g. wrong or right drug users)

b)

Definitions of what constitutes deviant consumption are widely shared

c)

Deviant consumption occurs only in the United States

d)

The poor are more likely to be deviant consumers because they cannot afford consumption

142.

Alphonse studies criminal behavior in gangs, focusing on how each gang member defines their behaviors and how they interact with each other. Alphonse is using ____ theories as the basis of his study.

a)

critical

b)

structural functionist

c)

constructionist

d)

explanatory

143.

Danielle has been working as an administrative assistant at the same company for 30 years. She goes through the motions at her job with little motivation, realizing that she will never get promoted. According the strain theory, Danielle exemplifies which of these?

a)

a retreatist

b)

a ritualist

c)

a conformist

d)

an innovator

144.

The ____ focuses on how deviance is created by the capitalist economic system.

a)

inter/actionist perspective

b)

conflict/critical perspective

c)

functionalist perspective

d)

structural/ functionalist perspective

145.

Harold Garfunkle studied how Agnes, a transgender male-to-female, "passed" as a woman in his classic____ study.

a)

ethnographical

b)

ethnomethodological

c)

sociolinguistic

d)

social control theory

146.

Van moves to a rural town after getting out of prison. He has moved there so that no one will know his identity and what he has done in the past. Van has which of these?

a)

an invisible stigma

b)

a discredited stigma

c)

a criminal stigma

d)

a discreditable stigma

147.

The main point in differential association theory is which of these?

a)

People learn criminal behavior from others.

b)

People only commit crimes when they are not able to access other opportunities

c)

Criminals are genetically predisposed to maladaptive behaviors

d)

People are associated with crime in different ways depending on stigma

148.

Which of these aspects of cross-border drug crime help to account for why efforts to counter it have been unsuccessful?

a)

Law enforcement pays relatively little attention to cross-border drug crime

b)

Drug criminals lack expertise to commit crimes.

c)

Drug crimes are hard to conceal.

d)

Drug criminals do not need many resources.

149.

A crime can be defined as a form of deviance that is negatively sanctioned by law.

a)

True

b)

False

150.

What is considered deviant may vary greatly from one geographic area to another.

a)

True

b)

False

151.

Emile Durkheim believed deviance is necessary because it clarifies shared norms and values.

a)

True

b)

False

152.

Both conflict/critical theorists and structural/functionalists are interested in the role of structure in creating deviance.

a)

True

b)

False

153.

As a group, elites are much less likely to get away with deviance because they are more visible in society.

a)

True

b)

False

154.

Karl Marx is associated with the idea that a stigma can cause a person to be labeled deviant.

a)

True

b)

False

155.

The vast majority of crime in the United States is violent crime.

a)

True

b)

False

156.

World-systems theory divides the world into two parts. The ____ and the ____.

a)

Global north; Global south

b)

colonizers; colonized

c)

Capitalists; noncapitalists

d)

Core; periphery

157.

Mike owns a collection business and sees his employees as servants who should adhere to all his rules. He pays them well below minimum wage. Symbolic interactionists are the theorists who would be most interested in Mike's sense of entitlement and how it impacts wage inequality.

a)

True

b)

False

158.

The World-systems theory focuses on the fact that many peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for basic supplies and financial support, whereas the core exploits these countries for cheap labor.

a)

True

b)

False

159.

Which theorist is credited with identifying the three dimensions of social interaction?

a)

Emile Durkheim

b)

Max Weber

c)

Karl Marx

d)

Erving Goffman

160.

Bill has worked as a Walmart cashier for 5 years and makes $28,000 annually, while Jane has worked as a customer service representative at Target for 4 years, making $32,000 annually. Bill and Jane appear to share which of these?

a)

the same social class

b)

the same economic division

c)

the same social environment

d)

the same social stratum

161.

Which of these is the basis of stratification in the United States and in many other countries?

a)

inherited titles

b)

money economy

c)

symbolic exchanges

d)

the prestige attached to a person's position

162.

Owen makes $25,000 a year. He has just inherited $100,000. Owen owes $25,000 and has $25,000 in savings. How much is Owen's wealth?

a)

$125,000

b)

$100,000

c)

$150,000

d)

$25,000

163.

The income gap between the top 1% of earners in the United States and the bottom 20% of the population has ____ since 1979.

a)

not been recorded

b)

decreased

c)

increased

d)

stayed the same

164.

Why are the wealthy able to maintain their wealth across generations?

a)

They are fiscally conservative.

b)

They are actually unlikely to maintain their wealth across generations because of changing social norms.

c)

They have been able to resist taxation systems aimed at redistributing wealth in society.

d)

They have different values on spending that they pass on to their children.

165.

Which of these is true of middle class decline?

a)

Workers are demanding jobs that pay more, and as a result, are unwilling to work in middle class jobs, which has caused middle class decline.

b)

Most of the middle class were not willing to take government assistance during the Great Recession , which caused middle class decline.

c)

Wages have not kept up with the cost of living and thus have led to middle class decline.

d)

Middle class decline is a myth--the upper class is declining.

166.

Which of these does the chapter text list as a major disadvantage of being in the lower class in the United States?

a)

a shorter life expectancy

b)

limited ability to move up in an occupation

c)

a higher likelihood of being affected by hard economic times

d)

increased likelihood of domestic issues

167.

According to the text, how many percentage of people in the United States were living below the poverty line in 2016?

a)

12.7

b)

22.7

c)

7.7

d)

33.7

168.

Sharon is cashier at a grocery store making $20,000 a year. When the store goes out of business, she takes a job at a department store making $21,000 a year. Which of these is exemplified by her change of position?

a)

horizontal mobility

b)

vertical mobility

c)

structural mobility

d)

occupational mobility

169.

Britain's Prince William and Prince Harry, sons of Prince Charles, were born into royalty and thus gained instant notoriety. This is an example of which characteristic?

a)

achievement

b)

ascription

c)

accomplishment

d)

attainment

170.

Which perspective is mostly likely to focus on what people do within a stratified structure, such as how they present their authority or lack of authority in their body language?

a)

conflict/critical

b)

feminist

c)

inter/actionist

d)

structural/functional

171.

Which income category contains the largest number of countries according to the ranking by the World Bank?

a)

middle-income economies

b)

The World Bank divided countries equally among these categories.

c)

high-income economies

d)

low-income economies

172.

Which of these is true of the global digital divide?

a)

it appears to be decreasing

b)

It appears to be increasing

c)

It has stayed the same for many years and will likely to continue to be very unequal.

d)

It is impossible to predict

173.

Globally, women are likely to participate______in the paid labor force than men and earn____ than men.

a)

less; less

b)

less; more

c)

more; more

d)

more; less

174.

One theory of global stratification by the ____ approach is the modernization theory, which explains unequal economic differences based on cultural and structural difference between countries.

a)

interactionist

b)

conflict/critical

c)

structural/ functionalist

d)

ethnomethodological

175.

High income is always associated with high status and high social power.

a)

True

b)

False

176.

The U.S. tax system is designed to decrease wealth inequality.

a)

True

b)

False

177.

One major reason for the decline of the middle class is the decline of middle-income jobs, often because of technological change.

a)

True

b)

False

178.

A cashier at Walmart who eventually becomes the district regional manager exemplifies horizontal mobility.

a)

True

b)

False

179.

According to structural/functional theory, brain surgeons should earn higher salaries and more lucrative stock options than doctors who work in family practices.

a)

True

b)

False

180.

The majority of countries today are considered "low-income" according to your text.

a)

True

b)

False