a subject’s affirmative agreement to participate in research.

 is the voluntary agreement of an individual, or his or her authorized representative, who has the legal capacity to give consent, and who exercises free power of choice without any form of constraint or coercion to participate in research.

in human subjects research, providing financial compensation to subjects

the idea that most research misconduct is committed by individuals who are morally corrupt or psychologically ill.

failing to cite important work in the field in a paper, book, or presentation.

failing to list someone as an author on a work even though they have made a significant contribution to it.

fixing a minor problem with a published paper.

A situation in which two or more potential actions appear to be equally justifiable from an ethical point of view, i.e. one must choose between the lesser of two evils or the greater of two goods.

changing, omitting, or manipulating data or results deceptively; or deceptive manipulation of research materials or experiments

making up data or results.

the tendency for individuals to change their behavior when they know they are being observed.

The process of using experts within a scientific or academic discipline (or peers) to evaluate articles submitted for publication, grant proposals, or other materials

 a peer review process in which neither the authors nor the reviewers are told each other’s identities.

a peer review process in which the authors and reviewers are told each other’s identities.

a peer review process, used by most scientific journals, in which the reviewers are told the identities of the authors but not vice versa.