Free Printable 44 Fallacies Final Test

1.

"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"

a)

Talk double talk

b)

Special Pleading Fallacy

c)

When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.

d)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

2.

"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"

a)

Throw in some statistics

b)

The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.

c)

When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.

d)

"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"

3.

"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."

a)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

b)

"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."

c)

Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.

d)

Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.

4.

"Everyone wants the new iPhone because it is the hottest new gadget on the market!"

a)

Beg the question

b)

"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."

c)

Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.

d)

Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.

5.

"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."

a)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

b)

Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.

c)

Spin, spin, spin

d)

Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.

6.

"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."

a)

Oversimplify the issue

b)

Shift the ground

c)

Use double standards

d)

When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)

7.

"It's good to be back home with people I can trust."

a)

Appeal to popular passions

b)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

c)

Oversimplify the issue

d)

When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.

8.

"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."

a)

Raise nothing but objections

b)

Shift the ground

c)

"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."

d)

Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.

9.

"Ok, maybe there's nothing wrong with a kiss, but remember where kissing leads and wehre that leads and that. Before you know it, you'll be the father of an unwanted baby. Your young life will be ruined forever."

a)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

b)

Talk in vague generalities

c)

Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.

d)

When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.

10.

"Remember, these people are threatening our freedom, our way of life, our homes ,our property.

a)

Appeal to fear

b)

Talk double talk

c)

Red Herring Fallacy

d)

"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."

11.

"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."

a)

Shift the ground

b)

Seek your vested interests

c)

"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"

d)

Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.

12.

"This is the way we have always done things."

a)

Appeal to tradition or faith

b)

Talk in vague generalities

c)

Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.

d)

When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.

13.

"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."

a)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

b)

Seek your vested interests

c)

When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.

d)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

14.

"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."

a)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

b)

Shift the burden of proof

c)

"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."

d)

Use double standards

15.

"We hold the highest ideals of any country. Of course, we make mistakes and sometimes commit follies, but our intentions are always good."

a)

Assume a posture of righteousness

b)

Throw in some statistics

c)

Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.

d)

Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.

16.

"Wheaties Cereal is the best way to start the day because athlete Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast."

a)

Appeal to authority

b)

Attack the person (not the argument)

c)

Reification

d)

The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.

17.

"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."

a)

Talk double talk

b)

Ignore the evidence

c)

Shift the burden of proof

d)

"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"

18.

"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."

a)

Red Herring Fallacy

b)

Talk double talk

c)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

d)

"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."

19.

"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."

a)

Throw in a red herring

b)

Throw in some statistics

c)

A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them

d)

When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.

20.

"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"

a)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

b)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

c)

Special Pleading Fallacy

d)

When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.

21.

"You don't understand how hard my life is. I have so much to do. It's very hard for me."

a)

Appeal to pity or sympathy

b)

Beg the question

c)

The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.

d)

When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.

22.

"You say that I don't love you! I think it is you who does not love me!"

a)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

b)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

c)

"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."

d)

Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.

23.

"Your ideas about education are invalid, because you’ve never been a teacher."

a)

Appeal to experience

b)

Oversimplify the issue

c)

"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."

d)

Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.

24.

“He’s not a great athlete; he’s a fraud, a cheat and a liar. That’s why not everybody is ‘happy for Lance Armstrong.'”

a)

Attack the person (not the argument)

b)

Appeal to popular passions

c)

Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.

d)

Spin, spin, spin

25.

A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.

a)

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

b)

Raise nothing but objections

c)

Shift the ground

d)

Use double standards

26.

A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)

a)

Insist loudly on a minor point

b)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

c)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

d)

Oversimplify the issue

27.

A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.

a)

Burden of Proof Fallacy

b)

Appeal to fear

c)

Shift the ground

d)

"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."

28.

A manipulator makes a claim based on evidence that requires one to already accept that the claim is true.

a)

Beg the question

b)

Shift the ground

c)

Talk in vague generalities

d)

Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.

29.

A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them

a)

Use double standards

b)

Appeal to tradition or faith

c)

Talk double talk

d)

Red Herring Fallacy

30.

A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.

a)

Attack evidence that undermines your case

b)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

c)

Seek your vested interests

d)

"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"

31.

Accuse an opponent of the same thing you've been accused of

a)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

b)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

c)

Talk in vague generalities

d)

Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.

32.

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

a)

"Ok, maybe there's nothing wrong with a kiss, but remember where kissing leads and wehre that leads and that. Before you know it, you'll be the father of an unwanted baby. Your young life will be ruined forever."

b)

Assume a posture of righteousness

c)

Seek your vested interests

d)

When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.

33.

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

a)

Manipulates by implying that if someone does one thing, it will inevitably lead to a domino effect of negative things that, in the end, will result in something terrible.

b)

Appeal to authority

c)

Shift the burden of proof

d)

"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."

34.

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

a)

Slippery Slope

b)

Talk double talk

c)

Throw in some statistics

d)

Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.

35.

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

a)

"You say that I don't love you! I think it is you who does not love me!"

b)

Red Herring Fallacy

c)

Attack the person (not the argument)

d)

Reification

36.

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

a)

Accuse an opponent of the same thing you've been accused of

b)

Throw in a red herring

c)

Ignore the evidence

d)

Shift the burden of proof

37.

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

a)

Tu Quoque - literally means, "you also."

b)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

c)

Talk double talk

d)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

38.

Agrumentum ad Verecundiam

a)

Appeal to authority

b)

Appeal to pity or sympathy

c)

Throw in some statistics

d)

A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them

39.

Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.

a)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

b)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

c)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

d)

Special Pleading Fallacy

40.

Apiorism

a)

Ignore the evidence

b)

Appeal to experience

c)

Beg the question

d)

The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.

41.

Appeal to authority

a)

"Wheaties Cereal is the best way to start the day because athlete Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast."

b)

Attack the person (not the argument)

c)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

d)

"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."

42.

Appeal to authority

a)

Agrumentum ad Verecundiam

b)

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

c)

Oversimplify the issue

d)

"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."

43.

Appeal to authority

a)

Manipulate by claiming celebrity, power, or status

b)

Insist loudly on a minor point

c)

Appeal to popular passions

d)

Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.

44.

Appeal to experience

a)

"Your ideas about education are invalid, because you’ve never been a teacher."

b)

Burden of Proof Fallacy

c)

Raise nothing but objections

d)

Shift the ground

45.

Appeal to experience

a)

Claims that an opinion or idea is invalid because the person making the claim doesn’t have the accomplishments, experiences, or perhaps moral standing to make such a claim.

b)

Beg the question

c)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

d)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

46.

Appeal to fear

a)

"Remember, these people are threatening our freedom, our way of life, our homes ,our property.

b)

Use double standards

c)

Appeal to fear

d)

Shift the ground

47.

Appeal to fear

a)

Manipulates by claiming the ability to protect against a dangerous or unwanted outcome.

b)

Attack evidence that undermines your case

c)

Shift the ground

d)

Talk in vague generalities

48.

Appeal to pity or sympathy

a)

"You don't understand how hard my life is. I have so much to do. It's very hard for me."

b)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

c)

Appeal to tradition or faith

d)

Talk double talk

49.

Appeal to pity or sympathy

a)

Manipulates by making people feel sorry for them

b)

"Ok, maybe there's nothing wrong with a kiss, but remember where kissing leads and wehre that leads and that. Before you know it, you'll be the father of an unwanted baby. Your young life will be ruined forever."

c)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

d)

Seek your vested interests

50.

Appeal to popular passions

a)

"It's good to be back home with people I can trust."

b)

Manipulates by implying that if someone does one thing, it will inevitably lead to a domino effect of negative things that, in the end, will result in something terrible.

c)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

d)

Talk in vague generalities

51.

Appeal to popular passions

a)

Argumentum ad Populum

b)

Slippery Slope

c)

Assume a posture of righteousness

d)

Seek your vested interests

52.

Appeal to popular passions

a)

Manipulates by presenting the speaker as someone of shared values, and views.

b)

"You say that I don't love you! I think it is you who does not love me!"

c)

Appeal to authority

d)

Shift the burden of proof

53.

Appeal to tradition or faith

a)

"This is the way we have always done things."

b)

Accuse an opponent of the same thing you've been accused of

c)

Talk double talk

d)

Throw in some statistics

54.

Appeal to tradition or faith

a)

Manipulators imply that they hold firm to what their audience is familiar and comfortable with. They imply that their opponent will destroy these traditions and faith.

b)

Tu Quoque - literally means, "you also."

c)

Red Herring Fallacy

d)

Attack the person (not the argument)

55.

Argument by Pigheadedness

a)

Ignore the evidence

b)

Appeal to authority

c)

Throw in a red herring

d)

Carpe Dentum.

56.

Argumentum ad Hominem

a)

Attack the person (not the argument)

b)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

c)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

d)

Talk double talk

57.

Argumentum ad Populum

a)

Appeal to popular passions

b)

Ignore the evidence

c)

Appeal to pity or sympathy

d)

Throw in some statistics

58.

Assume a posture of righteousness

a)

"We hold the highest ideals of any country. Of course, we make mistakes and sometimes commit follies, but our intentions are always good."

b)

"Wheaties Cereal is the best way to start the day because athlete Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast."

c)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

d)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

59.

Assume a posture of righteousness

a)

Manipulates by claiming that they (nation, religion, motivation, etc) are especially pure and ethical in contrast to all others.

b)

Agrumentum ad Verecundiam

c)

Appeal to experience

d)

Beg the question

60.

Attack evidence that undermines your case

a)

A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.

b)

Manipulate by claiming celebrity, power, or status

c)

Attack the person (not the argument)

d)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

61.

Attack evidence that undermines your case

a)

Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.

b)

"Your ideas about education are invalid, because you’ve never been a teacher."

c)

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

d)

Oversimplify the issue

62.

Attack the person (not the argument)

a)

“He’s not a great athlete; he’s a fraud, a cheat and a liar. That’s why not everybody is ‘happy for Lance Armstrong.'”

b)

Claims that an opinion or idea is invalid because the person making the claim doesn’t have the accomplishments, experiences, or perhaps moral standing to make such a claim.

c)

Insist loudly on a minor point

d)

Appeal to popular passions

63.

Attack the person (not the argument)

a)

Argumentum ad Hominem

b)

"Remember, these people are threatening our freedom, our way of life, our homes ,our property.

c)

Burden of Proof Fallacy

d)

Raise nothing but objections

64.

Attack the person (not the argument)

a)

When the opponent makes reasonable arguments, manipulators ignore those arguments and instead attack the person.

b)

Manipulates by claiming the ability to protect against a dangerous or unwanted outcome.

c)

Beg the question

d)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

65.

Attacking an opponent's inconsistency

a)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

b)

"You don't understand how hard my life is. I have so much to do. It's very hard for me."

c)

Use double standards

d)

Appeal to fear

66.

Beg the question

a)

"Everyone wants the new iPhone because it is the hottest new gadget on the market!"

b)

Manipulates by making people feel sorry for them

c)

Attack evidence that undermines your case

d)

Shift the ground

67.

Beg the question

a)

A manipulator makes a claim based on evidence that requires one to already accept that the claim is true.

b)

"It's good to be back home with people I can trust."

c)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

d)

Appeal to tradition or faith

68.

Beg the question

a)

Petitio Principii

b)

Argumentum ad Populum

c)

"Ok, maybe there's nothing wrong with a kiss, but remember where kissing leads and wehre that leads and that. Before you know it, you'll be the father of an unwanted baby. Your young life will be ruined forever."

d)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

69.

Burden of Proof Fallacy

a)

A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.

b)

Manipulates by presenting the speaker as someone of shared values, and views.

c)

Manipulates by implying that if someone does one thing, it will inevitably lead to a domino effect of negative things that, in the end, will result in something terrible.

d)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

70.

By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.

a)

Raise nothing but objections

b)

"This is the way we have always done things."

c)

Slippery Slope

d)

Assume a posture of righteousness

71.

By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.

a)

Oversimplify the issue

b)

Manipulators imply that they hold firm to what their audience is familiar and comfortable with. They imply that their opponent will destroy these traditions and faith.

c)

"You say that I don't love you! I think it is you who does not love me!"

d)

Appeal to authority

72.

Call for perfection

a)

"Yes, we do want a democracy, but only when we can have a TRUE DEMOCRACY and that means that X and Y will have to be changed before we consider it."

b)

Ignore the evidence

c)

Accuse an opponent of the same thing you've been accused of

d)

Talk double talk

73.

Call for perfection

a)

Diverts the audience so that they do not discover that, in fact, you have no intention whatsoever of allowing X to take place.

b)

Attack the person (not the argument)

c)

Tu Quoque - literally means, "you also."

d)

Red Herring Fallacy

74.

Call for perfection

a)

Manipulator asserts that a perfect solution exists or that a solution should be rejected because some part of the problem would still exist after it were implemented.

b)

Appeal to popular passions

c)

Appeal to authority

d)

Throw in a red herring

75.

Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.

a)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

b)

"We hold the highest ideals of any country. Of course, we make mistakes and sometimes commit follies, but our intentions are always good."

c)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

d)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

76.

Claims that an opinion or idea is invalid because the person making the claim doesn’t have the accomplishments, experiences, or perhaps moral standing to make such a claim.

a)

Appeal to experience

b)

Manipulates by claiming that they (nation, religion, motivation, etc) are especially pure and ethical in contrast to all others.

c)

Ignore the evidence

d)

Appeal to pity or sympathy

77.

Create a false dilemma

a)

"Either we are going to lose the war on terrorism or we will have to give up some of our traditional freedoms and rights."

b)

A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.

c)

"Wheaties Cereal is the best way to start the day because athlete Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast."

d)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

78.

Create a false dilemma

a)

Either/Or Fallacy

b)

Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.

c)

Agrumentum ad Verecundiam

d)

Appeal to experience

79.

Create a false dilemma

a)

Forces an audience to choose given that only a very small minority will respond with an observation that there are many more available options.

b)

“He’s not a great athlete; he’s a fraud, a cheat and a liar. That’s why not everybody is ‘happy for Lance Armstrong.'”

c)

Manipulate by claiming celebrity, power, or status

d)

Attack the person (not the argument)

80.

Create a false dilemma

a)

Manipulator asserts that there are only two possible choices available.

b)

Argumentum ad Hominem

c)

"Your ideas about education are invalid, because you’ve never been a teacher."

d)

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

81.

Create a straw man

a)

"So I guess what you want is to free all criminals and leave us even more threatened than we are now."

b)

When the opponent makes reasonable arguments, manipulators ignore those arguments and instead attack the person.

c)

Claims that an opinion or idea is invalid because the person making the claim doesn’t have the accomplishments, experiences, or perhaps moral standing to make such a claim.

d)

Insist loudly on a minor point

82.

Create a straw man

a)

A false, or misleading representation of someone's reasoning.

b)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

c)

"Remember, these people are threatening our freedom, our way of life, our homes ,our property.

d)

Burden of Proof Fallacy

83.

Create a straw man

a)

Manipulators make their opponents look bad at the same time they make their own case look good.

b)

"Everyone wants the new iPhone because it is the hottest new gadget on the market!"

c)

Manipulates by claiming the ability to protect against a dangerous or unwanted outcome.

d)

Beg the question

84.

Create a straw man

a)

Sometimes called "finding the good reason" and includes the practice of giving "lip service" to high-minded principles (asserting them loudly, while ignoring them in practice.)

b)

A manipulator makes a claim based on evidence that requires one to already accept that the claim is true.

c)

"You don't understand how hard my life is. I have so much to do. It's very hard for me."

d)

Use double standards

85.

Create misgivings

a)

"Each of us must do our part to reduce the amount of pollution that we are creating on the planet. The automobile industry, for example, needs to find alternatvie forms of fuel. We need to move away from gasoline as our primary automobile fuel source. Otherwise, our planet will needlessly continue to suffer."

b)

Petitio Principii

c)

Manipulates by making people feel sorry for them

d)

Attack evidence that undermines your case

86.

Create misgivings

a)

"Of course, I don't believe it, but did you know that there has been some talk of Jack beating his wife and children? Ugly, isn't it?"

b)

A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.

c)

"It's good to be back home with people I can trust."

d)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

87.

Create misgivings

a)

"Where there's smoke there's fire."

b)

Raise nothing but objections

c)

Argumentum ad Populum

d)

"Ok, maybe there's nothing wrong with a kiss, but remember where kissing leads and wehre that leads and that. Before you know it, you'll be the father of an unwanted baby. Your young life will be ruined forever."

88.

Create misgivings

a)

Manipulates by creating suspicion for the opponent, which can be difficult to clear away.

b)

Oversimplify the issue

c)

Manipulates by presenting the speaker as someone of shared values, and views.

d)

Manipulates by implying that if someone does one thing, it will inevitably lead to a domino effect of negative things that, in the end, will result in something terrible.

89.

Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.

a)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

b)

"Yes, we do want a democracy, but only when we can have a TRUE DEMOCRACY and that means that X and Y will have to be changed before we consider it."

c)

"This is the way we have always done things."

d)

Slippery Slope

90.

Demonize his side /Sanitize your side

a)

"I am not motivated by profit or greed. I do not want to enhance my power and influence. Certainly not. I want to spread the cause of freedom, to share the good life, and the blessings of democracy.

b)

Diverts the audience so that they do not discover that, in fact, you have no intention whatsoever of allowing X to take place.

c)

Manipulators imply that they hold firm to what their audience is familiar and comfortable with. They imply that their opponent will destroy these traditions and faith.

d)

"You say that I don't love you! I think it is you who does not love me!"

91.

Demonize his side /Sanitize your side

a)

Manipulates by using "good" words to characterize one side, while systematically using "negative" words to characterize your oponent.

b)

Manipulator asserts that a perfect solution exists or that a solution should be rejected because some part of the problem would still exist after it were implemented.

c)

Ignore the evidence

d)

Accuse an opponent of the same thing you've been accused of

92.

Demonize his side /Sanitize your side

a)

Uses word choice to cast a negative light on your oponent while also casting a positive light on yourself.

b)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

c)

Attack the person (not the argument)

d)

Tu Quoque - literally means, "you also."

93.

Deny or defend your inconsistancies

a)

"I didn't really say that."

b)

Appeal to experience

c)

Appeal to popular passions

d)

Appeal to authority

94.

Deny or defend your inconsistancies

a)

"The world is changing, and we must change with it."

b)

"Either we are going to lose the war on terrorism or we will have to give up some of our traditional freedoms and rights."

c)

"We hold the highest ideals of any country. Of course, we make mistakes and sometimes commit follies, but our intentions are always good."

d)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

95.

Deny or defend your inconsistancies

a)

The act of covering up, or minimizing changes in platform or belief from one event to the other.

b)

Either/Or Fallacy

c)

Manipulates by claiming that they (nation, religion, motivation, etc) are especially pure and ethical in contrast to all others.

d)

Ignore the evidence

96.

Deny or defend your inconsistancies

a)

When caught in a contradiction, the manipulator can deny that there is a contradiction, or admint it and defend it as a justifyable change.

b)

Forces an audience to choose given that only a very small minority will respond with an observation that there are many more available options.

c)

A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.

d)

"Wheaties Cereal is the best way to start the day because athlete Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast."

97.

Devise analogies (and/or metaphors) that support your view

a)

"The way you are treating me is like kicking a horse when it's down."

b)

Manipulator asserts that there are only two possible choices available.

c)

Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.

d)

Agrumentum ad Verecundiam

98.

Devise analogies (and/or metaphors) that support your view

a)

"You are treating me lik emy father use to treat me! He was so unfair, and so are you."

b)

"So I guess what you want is to free all criminals and leave us even more threatened than we are now."

c)

“He’s not a great athlete; he’s a fraud, a cheat and a liar. That’s why not everybody is ‘happy for Lance Armstrong.'”

d)

Manipulate by claiming celebrity, power, or status

99.

Devise analogies (and/or metaphors) that support your view

a)

To win arguments, manipulators make themselves look good by comparing two unlike objects. The good represents the manipulator, while the bad represents the oponent.

b)

A false, or misleading representation of someone's reasoning.

c)

Argumentum ad Hominem

d)

"Your ideas about education are invalid, because you’ve never been a teacher."

100.

Devise analogies (and/or metaphors) that support your view

a)

Uses comparisons to cast oponent in a negative light.

b)

Manipulators make their opponents look bad at the same time they make their own case look good.

c)

When the opponent makes reasonable arguments, manipulators ignore those arguments and instead attack the person.

d)

Claims that an opinion or idea is invalid because the person making the claim doesn’t have the accomplishments, experiences, or perhaps moral standing to make such a claim.

101.

Evade questions, gracefully

a)

"How long will troops remain in the country? As long as it takes, and not a minute longer."

b)

Sometimes called "finding the good reason" and includes the practice of giving "lip service" to high-minded principles (asserting them loudly, while ignoring them in practice.)

c)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

d)

"Remember, these people are threatening our freedom, our way of life, our homes ,our property.

102.

Evade questions, gracefully

a)

Gives a long answer to a question in which they slide to an easier answer without being noticed.

b)

"Each of us must do our part to reduce the amount of pollution that we are creating on the planet. The automobile industry, for example, needs to find alternatvie forms of fuel. We need to move away from gasoline as our primary automobile fuel source. Otherwise, our planet will needlessly continue to suffer."

c)

"Everyone wants the new iPhone because it is the hottest new gadget on the market!"

d)

Manipulates by claiming the ability to protect against a dangerous or unwanted outcome.

103.

Evade questions, gracefully

a)

Gives a stereotypical, or oversimplified answer.

b)

"Of course, I don't believe it, but did you know that there has been some talk of Jack beating his wife and children? Ugly, isn't it?"

c)

A manipulator makes a claim based on evidence that requires one to already accept that the claim is true.

d)

"You don't understand how hard my life is. I have so much to do. It's very hard for me."

104.

Evade questions, gracefully

a)

Manipulators do not directly answer questions when direct answers would get them into trouble, or force them to accept a responsibility they want to avoid.

b)

"Where there's smoke there's fire."

c)

Petitio Principii

d)

Manipulates by making people feel sorry for them

105.

Evade questions, gracefully

a)

Manipulators learn to use vagueness, jokes, diversions, and oversimplifications to their advantage.

b)

Manipulates by creating suspicion for the opponent, which can be difficult to clear away.

c)

A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.

d)

"It's good to be back home with people I can trust."

106.

Flatter your audience

a)

"An intelligent person such as you would not be tricked by..."

b)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

c)

Raise nothing but objections

d)

Argumentum ad Populum

107.

Flatter your audience

a)

"It's good to be talking to an audience of people with good old fashion common sense and real insights into our social problems."

b)

"I am not motivated by profit or greed. I do not want to enhance my power and influence. Certainly not. I want to spread the cause of freedom, to share the good life, and the blessings of democracy.

c)

Oversimplify the issue

d)

Manipulates by presenting the speaker as someone of shared values, and views.

108.

Flatter your audience

a)

Manipulators win over the audience by complimenting them.

b)

Manipulates by using "good" words to characterize one side, while systematically using "negative" words to characterize your oponent.

c)

"Yes, we do want a democracy, but only when we can have a TRUE DEMOCRACY and that means that X and Y will have to be changed before we consider it."

d)

"This is the way we have always done things."

109.

Flatter your audience

a)

This lowers the defense of the audience, to minimize any tendency they might have to think critically about what is about to be said.

b)

Uses word choice to cast a negative light on your oponent while also casting a positive light on yourself.

c)

Diverts the audience so that they do not discover that, in fact, you have no intention whatsoever of allowing X to take place.

d)

Manipulators imply that they hold firm to what their audience is familiar and comfortable with. They imply that their opponent will destroy these traditions and faith.

110.

Hasty Generalization Fallacy

a)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

b)

"I didn't really say that."

c)

Manipulator asserts that a perfect solution exists or that a solution should be rejected because some part of the problem would still exist after it were implemented.

d)

Ignore the evidence

111.

Hedge what you say

a)

A manipulator weasels out of mistakes, covers up errors, and guards what they say whenever possible.

b)

"The world is changing, and we must change with it."

c)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

d)

Attack the person (not the argument)

112.

Hedge what you say

a)

By not committing to what they say, manipulators can retreat if necessary.

b)

The act of covering up, or minimizing changes in platform or belief from one event to the other.

c)

Appeal to experience

d)

Appeal to popular passions

113.

Hedge what you say

a)

Manipulator uses a word or phrase in a sentence to express ambiguity, probability, caution, or indecisiveness about the remainder of the sentence, rather than full accuracy, certainty, confidence, or decisiveness.

b)

When caught in a contradiction, the manipulator can deny that there is a contradiction, or admint it and defend it as a justifyable change.

c)

"Either we are going to lose the war on terrorism or we will have to give up some of our traditional freedoms and rights."

d)

"We hold the highest ideals of any country. Of course, we make mistakes and sometimes commit follies, but our intentions are always good."

114.

Hedge what you say

a)

Manipulators often hide behind words, refusing to commit themselves or give direct answers.

b)

"The way you are treating me is like kicking a horse when it's down."

c)

Either/Or Fallacy

d)

Manipulates by claiming that they (nation, religion, motivation, etc) are especially pure and ethical in contrast to all others.

115.

If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.

a)

Raise nothing but objections

b)

"You are treating me lik emy father use to treat me! He was so unfair, and so are you."

c)

Forces an audience to choose given that only a very small minority will respond with an observation that there are many more available options.

d)

A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.

116.

Ignoratio elenchu

a)

Ignore the main point

b)

To win arguments, manipulators make themselves look good by comparing two unlike objects. The good represents the manipulator, while the bad represents the oponent.

c)

Manipulator asserts that there are only two possible choices available.

d)

Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.

117.

Ignore the evidence

a)

Apiorism

b)

Uses comparisons to cast oponent in a negative light.

c)

"So I guess what you want is to free all criminals and leave us even more threatened than we are now."

d)

“He’s not a great athlete; he’s a fraud, a cheat and a liar. That’s why not everybody is ‘happy for Lance Armstrong.'”

118.

Ignore the evidence

a)

Argument by Pigheadedness

b)

"How long will troops remain in the country? As long as it takes, and not a minute longer."

c)

A false, or misleading representation of someone's reasoning.

d)

Argumentum ad Hominem

119.

Ignore the evidence

a)

Invincible Ignorance Fallacy

b)

Gives a long answer to a question in which they slide to an easier answer without being noticed.

c)

Manipulators make their opponents look bad at the same time they make their own case look good.

d)

When the opponent makes reasonable arguments, manipulators ignore those arguments and instead attack the person.

120.

Ignore the evidence

a)

Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.

b)

Gives a stereotypical, or oversimplified answer.

c)

Sometimes called "finding the good reason" and includes the practice of giving "lip service" to high-minded principles (asserting them loudly, while ignoring them in practice.)

d)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

121.

Ignore the evidence

a)

Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.

b)

Manipulators do not directly answer questions when direct answers would get them into trouble, or force them to accept a responsibility they want to avoid.

c)

"Each of us must do our part to reduce the amount of pollution that we are creating on the planet. The automobile industry, for example, needs to find alternatvie forms of fuel. We need to move away from gasoline as our primary automobile fuel source. Otherwise, our planet will needlessly continue to suffer."

d)

"Everyone wants the new iPhone because it is the hottest new gadget on the market!"

122.

Ignore the main point

a)

Ignoratio elenchu

b)

Manipulators learn to use vagueness, jokes, diversions, and oversimplifications to their advantage.

c)

"Of course, I don't believe it, but did you know that there has been some talk of Jack beating his wife and children? Ugly, isn't it?"

d)

A manipulator makes a claim based on evidence that requires one to already accept that the claim is true.

123.

Ignore the main point

a)

Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.

b)

"An intelligent person such as you would not be tricked by..."

c)

"Where there's smoke there's fire."

d)

Petitio Principii

124.

Insist loudly on a minor point

a)

A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)

b)

"It's good to be talking to an audience of people with good old fashion common sense and real insights into our social problems."

c)

Manipulates by creating suspicion for the opponent, which can be difficult to clear away.

d)

A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.

125.

Insist loudly on a minor point

a)

Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.

b)

Manipulators win over the audience by complimenting them.

c)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

d)

Raise nothing but objections

126.

Invincible Ignorance Fallacy

a)

Ignore the evidence

b)

This lowers the defense of the audience, to minimize any tendency they might have to think critically about what is about to be said.

c)

"I am not motivated by profit or greed. I do not want to enhance my power and influence. Certainly not. I want to spread the cause of freedom, to share the good life, and the blessings of democracy.

d)

Oversimplify the issue

127.

Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.

a)

Spin, spin, spin

b)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

c)

Manipulates by using "good" words to characterize one side, while systematically using "negative" words to characterize your oponent.

d)

"Yes, we do want a democracy, but only when we can have a TRUE DEMOCRACY and that means that X and Y will have to be changed before we consider it."

128.

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

a)

Attacking an opponent's inconsistency

b)

A manipulator weasels out of mistakes, covers up errors, and guards what they say whenever possible.

c)

Uses word choice to cast a negative light on your oponent while also casting a positive light on yourself.

d)

Diverts the audience so that they do not discover that, in fact, you have no intention whatsoever of allowing X to take place.

129.

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

a)

Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.

b)

By not committing to what they say, manipulators can retreat if necessary.

c)

"I didn't really say that."

d)

Manipulator asserts that a perfect solution exists or that a solution should be rejected because some part of the problem would still exist after it were implemented.

130.

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

a)

Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.

b)

Manipulator uses a word or phrase in a sentence to express ambiguity, probability, caution, or indecisiveness about the remainder of the sentence, rather than full accuracy, certainty, confidence, or decisiveness.

c)

"The world is changing, and we must change with it."

d)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

131.

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

a)

"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."

b)

Manipulators often hide behind words, refusing to commit themselves or give direct answers.

c)

The act of covering up, or minimizing changes in platform or belief from one event to the other.

d)

Appeal to experience

132.

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

a)

Hasty Generalization Fallacy

b)

Raise nothing but objections

c)

When caught in a contradiction, the manipulator can deny that there is a contradiction, or admint it and defend it as a justifyable change.

d)

"Either we are going to lose the war on terrorism or we will have to give up some of our traditional freedoms and rights."

133.

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

a)

Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.

b)

Ignore the main point

c)

"The way you are treating me is like kicking a horse when it's down."

d)

Either/Or Fallacy

134.

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

a)

A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.

b)

Apiorism

c)

"You are treating me lik emy father use to treat me! He was so unfair, and so are you."

d)

Forces an audience to choose given that only a very small minority will respond with an observation that there are many more available options.

135.

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

a)

Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.

b)

Argument by Pigheadedness

c)

To win arguments, manipulators make themselves look good by comparing two unlike objects. The good represents the manipulator, while the bad represents the oponent.

d)

Manipulator asserts that there are only two possible choices available.

136.

Manipulate by claiming celebrity, power, or status

a)

Appeal to authority

b)

Invincible Ignorance Fallacy

c)

Uses comparisons to cast oponent in a negative light.

d)

"So I guess what you want is to free all criminals and leave us even more threatened than we are now."

137.

Manipulates by claiming that they (nation, religion, motivation, etc) are especially pure and ethical in contrast to all others.

a)

Assume a posture of righteousness

b)

Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.

c)

"How long will troops remain in the country? As long as it takes, and not a minute longer."

d)

A false, or misleading representation of someone's reasoning.

138.

Manipulates by claiming the ability to protect against a dangerous or unwanted outcome.

a)

Appeal to fear

b)

Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.

c)

Gives a long answer to a question in which they slide to an easier answer without being noticed.

d)

Manipulators make their opponents look bad at the same time they make their own case look good.

139.

Manipulates by implying that if someone does one thing, it will inevitably lead to a domino effect of negative things that, in the end, will result in something terrible.

a)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

b)

Ignoratio elenchu

c)

Gives a stereotypical, or oversimplified answer.

d)

Sometimes called "finding the good reason" and includes the practice of giving "lip service" to high-minded principles (asserting them loudly, while ignoring them in practice.)

140.

Manipulates by making people feel sorry for them

a)

Appeal to pity or sympathy

b)

Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.

c)

Manipulators do not directly answer questions when direct answers would get them into trouble, or force them to accept a responsibility they want to avoid.

d)

"Each of us must do our part to reduce the amount of pollution that we are creating on the planet. The automobile industry, for example, needs to find alternatvie forms of fuel. We need to move away from gasoline as our primary automobile fuel source. Otherwise, our planet will needlessly continue to suffer."

141.

Manipulates by presenting the speaker as someone of shared values, and views.

a)

Appeal to popular passions

b)

A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)

c)

Manipulators learn to use vagueness, jokes, diversions, and oversimplifications to their advantage.

d)

"Of course, I don't believe it, but did you know that there has been some talk of Jack beating his wife and children? Ugly, isn't it?"

142.

Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.

a)

Seek your vested interests

b)

Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.

c)

"An intelligent person such as you would not be tricked by..."

d)

"Where there's smoke there's fire."

143.

Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.

a)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

b)

Ignore the evidence

c)

"It's good to be talking to an audience of people with good old fashion common sense and real insights into our social problems."

d)

Manipulates by creating suspicion for the opponent, which can be difficult to clear away.

144.

Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.

a)

Throw in a red herring

b)

Spin, spin, spin

c)

Manipulators win over the audience by complimenting them.

d)

Rewrite history (have it your way)

145.

Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.

a)

Ignore the main point

b)

Attacking an opponent's inconsistency

c)

This lowers the defense of the audience, to minimize any tendency they might have to think critically about what is about to be said.

d)

"I am not motivated by profit or greed. I do not want to enhance my power and influence. Certainly not. I want to spread the cause of freedom, to share the good life, and the blessings of democracy.

146.

Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.

a)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

b)

Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.

c)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

d)

Manipulates by using "good" words to characterize one side, while systematically using "negative" words to characterize your oponent.

147.

Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.

a)

Tell big lies

b)

Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.

c)

A manipulator weasels out of mistakes, covers up errors, and guards what they say whenever possible.

d)

Uses word choice to cast a negative light on your oponent while also casting a positive light on yourself.

148.

Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.

a)

Ignore the evidence

b)

"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."

c)

By not committing to what they say, manipulators can retreat if necessary.

d)

"I didn't really say that."

149.

Manipulators imply that they hold firm to what their audience is familiar and comfortable with. They imply that their opponent will destroy these traditions and faith.

a)

Appeal to tradition or faith

b)

Hasty Generalization Fallacy

c)

Manipulator uses a word or phrase in a sentence to express ambiguity, probability, caution, or indecisiveness about the remainder of the sentence, rather than full accuracy, certainty, confidence, or decisiveness.

d)

"The world is changing, and we must change with it."

150.

Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.

a)

Insist loudly on a minor point

b)

Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.

c)

Manipulators often hide behind words, refusing to commit themselves or give direct answers.

d)

The act of covering up, or minimizing changes in platform or belief from one event to the other.

151.

Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.

a)

Tell big lies

b)

A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.

c)

Raise nothing but objections

d)

When caught in a contradiction, the manipulator can deny that there is a contradiction, or admint it and defend it as a justifyable change.

152.

Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.

a)

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

b)

Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.

c)

Ignore the main point

d)

"The way you are treating me is like kicking a horse when it's down."

153.

Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.

a)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

b)

Appeal to authority

c)

Apiorism

d)

"You are treating me lik emy father use to treat me! He was so unfair, and so are you."

154.

Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.

a)

Throw in some statistics

b)

Assume a posture of righteousness

c)

Argument by Pigheadedness

d)

To win arguments, manipulators make themselves look good by comparing two unlike objects. The good represents the manipulator, while the bad represents the oponent.

155.

Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.

a)

Attack evidence that undermines your case

b)

Appeal to fear

c)

Invincible Ignorance Fallacy

d)

Uses comparisons to cast oponent in a negative light.

156.

Oversimplify the issue

a)

"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."

b)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

c)

Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.

d)

"How long will troops remain in the country? As long as it takes, and not a minute longer."

157.

Oversimplify the issue

a)

By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.

b)

Appeal to pity or sympathy

c)

Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.

d)

Gives a long answer to a question in which they slide to an easier answer without being noticed.

158.

Oversimplify the issue

a)

The world divides into "good guys" and "bad guys." and sometimes, the good guys have to do bad things to the bad guys.

b)

Appeal to popular passions

c)

Ignoratio elenchu

d)

Gives a stereotypical, or oversimplified answer.

159.

Petitio Principii

a)

Beg the question

b)

Seek your vested interests

c)

Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.

d)

Manipulators do not directly answer questions when direct answers would get them into trouble, or force them to accept a responsibility they want to avoid.

160.

Question your opponent's conclusions

a)

"Wait a minute. That does not follow! Your conclusion does not follow from your premises. How can you justify such a leap?"

b)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

c)

A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)

d)

Manipulators learn to use vagueness, jokes, diversions, and oversimplifications to their advantage.

161.

Question your opponent's conclusions

a)

Accuses opponent of a non-sequitur, even if it's not present.

b)

Throw in a red herring

c)

Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.

d)

"An intelligent person such as you would not be tricked by..."

162.

Question your opponent's conclusions

a)

Leads the audience to accept their own conclusions by rejecting the conclusion or interpretation of the opponent.

b)

Ignore the main point

c)

Ignore the evidence

d)

"It's good to be talking to an audience of people with good old fashion common sense and real insights into our social problems."

163.

Question your opponent's conclusions

a)

Manipulators obscure any legitimate points made by their opponent by questioning the legitimacy of the argument.

b)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

c)

Spin, spin, spin

d)

Manipulators win over the audience by complimenting them.

164.

Raise nothing but objections

a)

"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."

b)

Tell big lies

c)

Attacking an opponent's inconsistency

d)

This lowers the defense of the audience, to minimize any tendency they might have to think critically about what is about to be said.

165.

Raise nothing but objections

a)

By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.

b)

Ignore the evidence

c)

Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.

d)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

166.

Raise nothing but objections

a)

If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.

b)

Appeal to tradition or faith

c)

Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.

d)

A manipulator weasels out of mistakes, covers up errors, and guards what they say whenever possible.

167.

Red Herring Fallacy

a)

"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."

b)

Insist loudly on a minor point

c)

"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."

d)

By not committing to what they say, manipulators can retreat if necessary.

168.

Red Herring Fallacy

a)

Throw in a red herring

b)

Tell big lies

c)

Hasty Generalization Fallacy

d)

Manipulator uses a word or phrase in a sentence to express ambiguity, probability, caution, or indecisiveness about the remainder of the sentence, rather than full accuracy, certainty, confidence, or decisiveness.

169.

Reification

a)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

b)

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

c)

Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.

d)

Manipulators often hide behind words, refusing to commit themselves or give direct answers.

170.

Rewrite history (have it your way)

a)

"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"

b)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

c)

A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.

d)

Raise nothing but objections

171.

Rewrite history (have it your way)

a)

Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.

b)

Throw in some statistics

c)

Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.

d)

Ignore the main point

172.

Rewrite history (have it your way)

a)

Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.

b)

Attack evidence that undermines your case

c)

Appeal to authority

d)

Apiorism

173.

Seek your vested interests

a)

Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.

b)

"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."

c)

Assume a posture of righteousness

d)

Argument by Pigheadedness

174.

Seek your vested interests

a)

When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)

b)

By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.

c)

Appeal to fear

d)

Invincible Ignorance Fallacy

175.

Seek your vested interests

a)

When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.

b)

The world divides into "good guys" and "bad guys." and sometimes, the good guys have to do bad things to the bad guys.

c)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

d)

Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.

176.

Shift the burden of proof

a)

Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.

b)

Beg the question

c)

Appeal to pity or sympathy

d)

Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.

177.

Shift the burden of proof

a)

When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.

b)

"Wait a minute. That does not follow! Your conclusion does not follow from your premises. How can you justify such a leap?"

c)

Appeal to popular passions

d)

Ignoratio elenchu

178.

Shift the ground

a)

"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."

b)

Accuses opponent of a non-sequitur, even if it's not present.

c)

Seek your vested interests

d)

Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.

179.

Shift the ground

a)

Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.

b)

Leads the audience to accept their own conclusions by rejecting the conclusion or interpretation of the opponent.

c)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

d)

A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)

180.

Shift the ground

a)

When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.

b)

Manipulators obscure any legitimate points made by their opponent by questioning the legitimacy of the argument.

c)

Throw in a red herring

d)

Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.

181.

Slippery Slope

a)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

b)

"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."

c)

Ignore the main point

d)

Ignore the evidence

182.

Special Pleading Fallacy

a)

Use double standards

b)

By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.

c)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

d)

Spin, spin, spin

183.

Spin, spin, spin

a)

Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.

b)

If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.

c)

Tell big lies

d)

Attacking an opponent's inconsistency

184.

Spin, spin, spin

a)

The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.

b)

"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."

c)

Ignore the evidence

d)

Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.

185.

Talk double talk

a)

"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"

b)

Throw in a red herring

c)

Appeal to tradition or faith

d)

Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.

186.

Talk double talk

a)

"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."

b)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

c)

Insist loudly on a minor point

d)

"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."

187.

Talk double talk

a)

When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.

b)

"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"

c)

Tell big lies

d)

Hasty Generalization Fallacy

188.

Talk in vague generalities

a)

When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.

b)

Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.

c)

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

d)

Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.

189.

Talk in vague generalities

a)

When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.

b)

Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.

c)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

d)

A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.

190.

Tell big lies

a)

Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.

b)

Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.

c)

Throw in some statistics

d)

Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.

191.

Tell big lies

a)

Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.

b)

When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)

c)

Attack evidence that undermines your case

d)

Appeal to authority

192.

The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.

a)

Spin, spin, spin

b)

When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.

c)

"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."

d)

Assume a posture of righteousness

193.

The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.

a)

Use double standards

b)

Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.

c)

By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.

d)

Appeal to fear

194.

The world divides into "good guys" and "bad guys." and sometimes, the good guys have to do bad things to the bad guys.

a)

Oversimplify the issue

b)

When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.

c)

Carpe dentum

d)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

195.

Throw in a red herring

a)

"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."

b)

"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."

c)

Beg the question

d)

Appeal to pity or sympathy

196.

Throw in a red herring

a)

Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.

b)

Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.

c)

"Wait a minute. That does not follow! Your conclusion does not follow from your premises. How can you justify such a leap?"

d)

Appeal to popular passions

197.

Throw in a red herring

a)

Red Herring Fallacy

b)

When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.

c)

Accuses opponent of a non-sequitur, even if it's not present.

d)

Seek your vested interests

198.

Throw in some statistics

a)

"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"

b)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

c)

Leads the audience to accept their own conclusions by rejecting the conclusion or interpretation of the opponent.

d)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

199.

Throw in some statistics

a)

Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.

b)

Use double standards

c)

Manipulators obscure any legitimate points made by their opponent by questioning the legitimacy of the argument.

d)

Throw in a red herring

200.

Throw in some statistics

a)

When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.

b)

Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.

c)

"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."

d)

Ignore the main point

201.

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

a)

"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."

b)

The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.

c)

By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.

d)

Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position

202.

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

a)

Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.

b)

"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"

c)

If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.

d)

Tell big lies

203.

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

a)

Reification

b)

"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."

c)

"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."

d)

Ignore the evidence

204.

Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.

a)

Shift the burden of proof

b)

When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.

c)

Throw in a red herring

d)

Appeal to tradition or faith

205.

Tu Quoque - literally means, "you also."

a)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

b)

When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.

c)

Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things

d)

Insist loudly on a minor point

206.

Use double standards

a)

A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them

b)

When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.

c)

"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"

d)

Tell big lies

207.

Use double standards

a)

Special Pleading Fallacy

b)

Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.

c)

Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.

d)

Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")

208.

Use double standards

a)

The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.

b)

Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.

c)

Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.

d)

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

209.

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

a)

"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."

b)

Spin, spin, spin

c)

Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.

d)

Throw in some statistics

210.

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

a)

"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."

b)

Use double standards

c)

When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)

d)

Attack evidence that undermines your case

211.

Use the hard-cruel-world argument

a)

Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.

b)

Oversimplify the issue

c)

When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.

d)

"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."

212.

Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.

a)

Shift the ground

b)

"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."

c)

Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.

d)

By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.

213.

Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.

a)

Make sweeping, glittering generalizations

b)

Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.

c)

When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.

d)

The world divides into "good guys" and "bad guys." and sometimes, the good guys have to do bad things to the bad guys.

214.

When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.

a)

Shift the ground

b)

Red Herring Fallacy

c)

"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."

d)

Beg the question

215.

When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.

a)

Talk in vague generalities

b)

"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"

c)

Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.

d)

"Wait a minute. That does not follow! Your conclusion does not follow from your premises. How can you justify such a leap?"

216.

When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.

a)

Talk double talk

b)

Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.

c)

When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.

d)

Accuses opponent of a non-sequitur, even if it's not present.

217.

When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)

a)

Seek your vested interests

b)

When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.

c)

Accuse them of sliding down a slippery slope

d)

Leads the audience to accept their own conclusions by rejecting the conclusion or interpretation of the opponent.

218.

When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.

a)

Talk in vague generalities

b)

"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."

c)

Use double standards

d)

Manipulators obscure any legitimate points made by their opponent by questioning the legitimacy of the argument.

219.

When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.

a)

Seek your vested interests

b)

Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.

c)

Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.

d)

"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."

220.

When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.

a)

Shift the burden of proof

b)

Reification

c)

The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.

d)

By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.

221.

When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.

a)

Throw in some statistics

b)

Shift the burden of proof

c)

"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"

d)

If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.

222.

When the opponent makes reasonable arguments, manipulators ignore those arguments and instead attack the person.

a)

Attack the person (not the argument)

b)

Accuse your opponent of doing what he is accusing you of (or worse)

c)

"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."

d)

"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."

223.

Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.

a)

Ignore the evidence

b)

A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them

c)

When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.

d)

Throw in a red herring

44 Fallacies Final Test

Total questions: 223

Worksheet time: 2hrs 52mins

Similar Resources on Wayground