A 35-year old man is admitted to the emergency department after a severe car crash. They examine the patient and observe a winged scapula. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured?

 A 57-year-old patient who went to the hospital because of pain in the lower back after having made a great effort to lift a washing machine. She has an MRI scan and a herniated disc found between the L4 and L5 vertebrae. Which of the following spinal nerves would be compressed by the herniated disc?

A 75-year-old patient is diagnosed with a large esophageal tumor at the level of the posterior mediastinum, which comprises the structures located at that level. Which of the following structures was NOT compressed?

A 50-year-old man undergoes transesophageal echocardiography for suspected infective endocarditis. The posterior esophageal wall is accidentally punctured with the endoscope from within during the procedure. Which other fine structure that lies immediately posterior to the esophagus (oeasophagus) between the thoracic aorta (aorta thoracica) and the azygos vein (vena azygos) could have also been damaged in this case?

During a cardiac surgery, a nerve that descends anteriorly between the pericardium and mediastinal pleura is accidentally injured by the surgeon. Following the surgery the patient complains of shortness of breath. On physical examination, there is decreased breath sounds on the left, and a chest radiograph reveals unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. Which of the following nerves was most likely injured during the operation?

A 43-year old woman is brought to the hospital with fever, chills and retrosternal pain after undergoing endoscopic gastroduodenoscopy two days ago. Contrast x-ray confirms acute mediastinitis. Perforation of which of the following structures is responsible for the vast majority of mediastinitis cases?

A 66-year-old man with history of carcinoma of the right main bronchus undergoes a CT of the thorax for cancer staging. The tumorous mass grows posteriorly and thereby most likely compresses which of the following blood vessels immediately posterior to the right main bronchus?

A 17-year-old female patient, a professional gymnast, comes to the clinic complaining of lumbar pain. The patient refers to pain in the lower back that worsens with movement. Imaging studies reveal signs of partial tear of a ligament responsible for limiting the extension of the lumbar spine. Which of the following structures is most likely to be affected?

A 35-year-old woman comes to the emergency 30 minutes after sustaining a blunt trauma to her chest during a car accident. Her pulse is 105/min and blood pressure (BP is 90/50 mmHG. Chest x-ray shows enlarged cardiac silhouette. Diagnosis of hemopericardium is made. Into which of the following potential spaces is this patient most likely hemorrhaging?

A 56-year-old patient with a history of tuberculosis was admitted due to shortness of breath, productive cough and fever. The chest x-ray performed revealed a pleural effusion and it was decided to perform a thoracentesis. What is the level at which it is likely to be carried out?

A 37-year-old female patient comes to the consultation due to difficulty breathing (dyspnea). A chest x-ray is done confirming the diagnosis of paralysis of the diaphragm. The nerve responsible for innervating the affected structure is most likely to originate from which of the following spinal roots?

 A 22-year-old male patient is brought to the emergency department by a friend unconscious. The friend reports that they were riding a bicycle when the patient suddenly braked and was thrown, striking the lateral aspect of his neck, where he lost consciousness. Physical examination shows a hematoma on the lateral side of the neck. A computed tomography scan shows a fracture of the right transverse foramen of C6. Which of the following structures is most likely to be affected in this patient?

A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after being involved in a car accident. After a primary evaluation of the injuries, a hematoma is noted on the patient's anterior chest, and a partial fracture of the body of the sternum is diagnosed with the aid of a chest X-ray. After proper evaluation, the diagnosis of cardiac contusion is made. Which of the following structures is most likely to be affected by this type of trauma?

A 55-year-old hypertensive smoker presents to the emergency department complaining of sudden chest pain radiating to his back. After performing a CT scan of the chest, the diagnosis is made of a dissecting aneurysm involving the arch of the aorta. In which of the following spaces is the affected structure most likely to be located?

A 33-year-old male beginning weightlifter comes into the office complaining of chronic low back pain radiating to the heel. After proper evaluation and MRI, the diagnosis of a lumbar disc herniation is made. The patient is referred to a neurosurgeon who decides to relieve the pressure on the nerve roots by removing a part of the vertebra at the level of compression. Which of the following structures is most likely to be removed by the neurosurgeon?

 A 23-year-old pregnant woman is being prepared for a cesarean section. During the preparation, an imaginary line is drawn connecting the top of the patient's iliac crests (Tuffier's line). That level is then used to locate a safe space for the introduction of a needle to apply an epidural anesthetic. Which of the following is the deepest ligament for the needle?

A 76-year-old man comes to the emergency department complaining of pain. retrosternal in the chest. After conducting an EKG of the heart, the diagnosis of an acute myocardial infarction is made. The patient is stabilized and receives the appropriate treatment for his condition. 2 weeks later, the patient is brought in by his family due to sudden chest pain. This time the physician finds jugular venous distention, distant heart sounds, and hypotension, and makes the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade secondary to left ventricular free wall rupture. Which of the following spaces is appropriate to perform a pericardiocentesis before taking the patient to surgery?

A 25-year-old man presents to the emergency department complaining of shortness of breath and chest pain after being involved in a knife fight. they look multiple penetrating wounds to the anterior chest wall. After conducting an x-ray, the diagnosis of a pneumothorax is made. In the middle of which of the following layers will air be trapped in this condition?