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BIOL 213 exam 2

Total questions: 189

Worksheet time: 3hrs 9mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

it measures osmoles of solute particles rather than moles of solute

a)

isosmotic

b)

Osmolarity vs molarity

c)

osmolarity

d)

renal corpuscle

2.

Physiology

a)

heritable traits that make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce in a certain enviornment

b)

how the physical structures of an organism function

c)

short-term phenotypic change in an individual in response to environmental fluctuations - reversible

d)

changes that occur in an organism in a laboratory setting.

3.

adaption

a)

changes that occur in an organism in a laboratory setting.

b)

groups of cells that function as a unit

c)

cells in liquid/jelly-like/ or solid matrix depending on the type of connective tissue

d)

heritable traits that make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce in a certain enviornment

4.

fitness trade-offs

a)

heritable traits that make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce in a certain enviornment

b)

short-term phenotypic change in an individual in response to environmental fluctuations - reversible

c)

inescapable compromises between traits

d)

changes that occur in an organism in a laboratory setting.

5.

acclimatization

a)

short-term phenotypic change in an individual in response to environmental fluctuations - reversible

b)

changes that occur in an organism in a laboratory setting.

c)

groups of cells that function as a unit

d)

functions include movement of body and pumping of heart

6.

Acclimation

a)

inescapable compromises between traits

b)

changes that occur in an organism in a laboratory setting.

c)

LIQUID extracellular matrix

d)

FIRM extracelluar matrix.

7.

structure correlates with...

a)

volume

b)

function

c)

faces inside

d)

overall rate of energy

8.

tissues

a)

two ends of a spectrum

b)

inescapable compromises between traits

c)

groups of cells that function as a unit

9.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

a)

cells in liquid/jelly-like/ or solid matrix depending on the type of connective tissue

b)

groups of cells that function as a unit

c)

tough collagen fibers in MATRIX

d)

fibrous proteins in a SOFT MATRIX

10.

Loose connective tissue

a)

fibrous proteins in a SOFT MATRIX

b)

packing material to hold organs and tissues together as padding under the skin

c)

fibroblasts make the fibers and extracellular matrix in loose connective tissues

d)

all of the above

11.

Dense connective tissue

a)

tough collagen fibers in MATRIX

b)

found in tendons and ligaments that connect muscles, bones, and organs

c)

all of the above

12.

Supporting connective tissue

a)

FIRM extracelluar matrix.

b)

bone and cartilage and are protective enclosures for the brain

c)

all of the above

13.

Fluid connective tissue

a)

LIQUID extracellular matrix

b)

FIRM extracelluar matrix.

c)

tough collagen fibers in MATRIX

d)

fibrous proteins in a SOFT MATRIX

14.

Nervous Tissue

a)

composed of nerve calls called neurons that send electrical signals which are produced by changes in the permeability of the cells plasma membrane /

b)

functions include movement of body and pumping of heart

c)

changes that occur in an organism in a laboratory setting.

d)

inescapable compromises between traits

15.

ANATOMY OF NEURON

Axons?

a)

relatively long structure

b)

highly branched, short process

16.

ANATOMY OF NEURON

Dentrite?

a)

relatively long structure

b)

highly branched, short process

17.

Muscle Tissue function

a)

the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach under normal temperature and moisture conditions

b)

functions include movement of body and pumping of heart

c)

composed of nerve calls called neurons that send electrical signals which are produced by changes in the permeability of the cells plasma membrane /

d)

volume increases faster than surface area

18.

SKELETAL muscle tissue

a)

attaches to bones

b)

responsible for most body movement

c)

long cells with STRIATED appearance

d)

all of the above

19.

CARDIAC muscle tissue

a)

makes up walls of heart and responsible for pumping blood throughout body 

b)

BRANCHING pattern

c)

TAPERED ENDS 

d)

line walls of digestive tract and blood vessels

20.

SMOOTH muscle tissue

a)

TAPERED ENDS 

b)

line walls of digestive tract and blood vessels

c)

help move food through digestive tract

d)

all of the above

21.

ORDER OF PARTS IN AN ORGANISM

a)

atoms, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism

b)

tissues, cells, atoms, organ, organ system, organism

c)

atoms, cells, tissues, organ system, organ, organism

d)

organism, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, atoms

22.

Epithelial Tissues

a)

cover the outside of the outside of the body and line the inner surface of many organs and form glands.

b)

water and nutrients are transported selectively across epithelia

c)

cells formed layers of closely packed cells that hold them tightly together such as tight junctions and desmosomes

d)

all of the above

23.

APICAL side of epithelial tissue

a)

faces away from other tissues and towards environment.

b)

faces inside

24.

BASAL side of epithelial tissue

a)

faces away from other tissues and towards environment.

b)

faces inside

25.

the rate at which nutrients are used and heat and waste products are are produced depend on...

a)

volume

b)

time

c)

environment

d)

none of the above

26.

As an animal gets larger, what increases faster than what?

a)

volume increases faster than surface area

b)

overall rate of energy consumption by an individual

c)

the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach under normal temperature and moisture conditions

27.

metabolic rate

a)

volume

b)

overall rate of energy consumption by an individual

c)

the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach under normal temperature and moisture conditions

d)

increases faster than surface area

28.

Basal metabolic rate

a)

volume increases faster than surface area

b)

overall rate of energy consumption by an individual

c)

organs that allow exchange of gases and dissolved substance between the animals's blood and surrounding water

d)

the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach under normal temperature and moisture conditions

29.

What is the difference between BMRs of small animals vs big animals

a)

small animals have HIGHER BMR than large animals

b)

large animals have HIGHER BMR than small animals

c)

none of the above

30.

gills

a)

organs that allow exchange of gases and dissolved substance between the animals's blood and surrounding water

b)

thin sheets of epithelial cells that provide the fill with an extremely high surface area relative to its volume. Because of the extremely high surface area, gases are able to diffuse across gills rapidly

c)

portions of the digestive tract:surface of the structure is folded - narrow projections called VILLI make extensive surface area

31.

(adaption that increases surface area) flattening

a)

the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach under normal temperature and moisture conditions

b)

thin sheets of epithelial cells that provide the fill with an extremely high surface area relative to its volume. Because of the extremely high surface area, gases are able to diffuse across gills rapidly 

c)

organs that allow exchange of gases and dissolved substance between the animals's blood and surrounding water

32.

(adaption that increases surface area) folding

a)

capillaries sites where gases, nutrients, and waste diffuse into and out of blood

b)

thin sheets of epithelial cells that provide the fill with an extremely high surface area relative to its volume. Because of the extremely high surface area, gases are able to diffuse across gills rapidly

c)

portions of the digestive tract:surface of the structure is folded - narrow projections called VILLI make extensive surface area

33.

(adaption that increases surface area) branching

a)

thin sheets of epithelial cells that provide the fill with an extremely high surface area relative to its volume. Because of the extremely high surface area, gases are able to diffuse across gills rapidly

b)

portions of the digestive tract:surface of the structure is folded - narrow projections called VILLI make extensive surface area

c)

capillaries sites where gases, nutrients, and waste diffuse into and out of blood

34.

homeostasis

a)

stability in the chemical and physical conditions within an organism's cells, tissues, and organs

b)

portions of the digestive tract:surface of the structure is folded - narrow projections called VILLI make extensive surface area

c)

regulatory mechanism in which a stimulus causes an opposite output in order to maintain an ideal level of whatever is being regulated

d)

a normal or target range of values for the controlled value

35.

no molecule can enter or leave the body without?

a)

dentrite

b)

crossing an epithelium of some kind

c)

allowing exchange of gases

d)

axon

36.

negative feedback

a)

regulatory mechanism in which a stimulus causes an opposite output in order to maintain an ideal level of whatever is being regulated

b)

redundancy is common (

c)

antagonistic pairs

d)

feedback systems are constantly making fine adjustments

e)

all of the above

37.

set point

a)

a normal or target range of values for the controlled value

b)

senses some aspect of the external/internal environment

c)

evaluates the incoming sensory information by comparing it to the set point.

d)

helps restore the internal condition

38.

sensor

a)

senses some aspect of the external/internal environment

b)

helps restore the internal condition

c)

evaluates the incoming sensory information by comparing it to the set point.

d)

a normal or target range of values for the controlled value

39.

integrator

a)

helps restore the internal condition

b)

from high temp to lower temp

c)

senses some aspect of the external/internal envornment

d)

evaluates the incoming sensory information by comparing it to the set point.

40.

effector

a)

heat exchanged between a solid and a moving liquid or a gas

b)

helps restore the internal condition

c)

from high temp to lower temp

d)

direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other

41.

heat flows

a)

senses some aspect of the external/internal envornment

b)

from high temp to lower temp

c)

helps restore the internal condition

d)

evaluates the incoming sensory information by comparing it to the set point.

42.

conduction

a)

the phase change that occurs when a liquid becomes a has - only leads to heat loss

b)

transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact

c)

direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other

d)

heat exchanged between a solid and a moving liquid or a gas

43.

radiation

a)

the phase change that occurs when a liquid becomes a has - only leads to heat loss

b)

enzymes and proteins to denature and cease funtioning / dehydration

c)

transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact

d)

produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues

44.

evaporation

a)

direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other

b)

the phase change that occurs when a liquid becomes a has - only leads to heat loss

c)

produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues

d)

relies principally on heat gained from environment

45.

overheating can cause

a)

keep their body temperature constant

b)

relies principally on heat gained from environment

c)

produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues

d)

enzymes and proteins to denature and cease functioning / dehydration

46.

endotherm

a)

produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues

b)

relies principally on heat gained from environment

c)

keep their body temperature constant

d)

enzymes and proteins to denature and cease funtioning / dehydration

47.

ectotherm

a)

from high temp to lower temp

b)

heat exchanged between a solid and a moving liquid or a gas

c)

relies principally on heat gained from environment

d)

keep their body temperature constant

48.

homeotherms

a)

produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues

b)

relies principally on heat gained from environment

c)

keep their body temperature constant

49.

poikilotherms

a)

allow their body temperature to rise or fall depending on environmental conditions

b)

reduce their metabolic rate and allow their body temperature to drop

c)

relies principally on heat gained from environment

50.

countercurrent exchanger

a)

allow their body temperature to rise or fall depending on environmental conditions

b)

can be active in winter and at night because of their high MBR

c)

fluid that enters the countercurrent heat exchanger is initially warm but steadily transfers heat to the adjacent, cooler fluid flowing in the opposite direction

d)

do not have to consume as much food and can use a lot of their energy to support reproduction 

51.

endothermy and ectothermy are

a)

a normal or target range of values for the controlled value

b)

two ends of a spectrum

c)

enzymes and proteins to denature and cease functioning / dehydration

d)

none of the above

52.

AMMONIA - highly toxic, lots of water, little energy to produce

a)

loop of henle

b)

disposal of nitrogenous waste in reptiles, birds, insects

c)

disposal of nitrogenous waste in mammals, amphibians, and cartilaginous fish

d)

disposal of nitrogenous waste in bony fish and aquatic invertebrates

53.

-water balance is regulated by ADH, which in turn regulates insertion of aquaporins.

-collects urine from the nephrons (cellular structures in the kidney that filter blood and form urine) and moves it into the renal pelvis and ureters.

a)

collecting duct

b)

electrolyte

c)

distal tubule

d)

osmosis

54.

dissociates into ions when dissolved in water

a)

osmoconformers

b)

osmosis

c)

electrolyte

d)

osmoregulation

55.

the process by which organisms control the concentration of water and solutes in their bodies

a)

osmoregulation

b)

osmosis

c)

osmoconformers

d)

electrolyte

56.

How do insects minimize water loss?

a)

carefully regulate the amount of water and electrolytes that they excrete in urine and feces,wax, protein, and chitin later on surface that is hydrophobic and impermeable to water

b)

the insect tracheal system connects with the atmosphere at openings at spiracles- the ability to close spiracles is an important adaption for minimizing water loss

c)

occurs across membranes of epithelial cells that line the tracheae

d)

blood-like fluid in insects that transfer fluid and ions

57.

where does gas exchange occur in insects?

a)

occurs across membranes of epithelial cells that line the tracheae

b)

excretory organs that empty into the hindgut. they are responsible for forming filtrate - pre-urine

c)

the insect tracheal system connects with the atmosphere at openings at spiracles- the ability to close spiracles is an important adaption for minimizing water loss

d)

from their body surfaces and from the surfaces of their lungs every time they breathe and in urine.they replace lost electrolytes by eating and drinking

58.

-excretory organs that empty into the hindgut.

-they are responsible for forming filtrate

- pre-urine

a)

nephron

b)

kidney

c)

malphigian tubules

d)

hemolymph

59.

How do insects respond to osmotic stress?

a)

no was to actively transport water- pumps transport ions and set up osmotic gradients and water flows by osmosis through special membrane channels called aquaporins

b)

from their body surfaces and from the surfaces of their lungs every time they breathe and in urine.they replace lost electrolytes by eating and drinking

c)

carefully regulate the amount of water and electrolytes that they excrete in urine and feces,wax, protein, and chitin later on surface that is hydrophobic and impermeable to water

d)

electrolytes and water from filtrate are reabsorbed from the hindgut and returned to the hemolymph

60.

how do terrestrial vertebrates lose water?

a)

no was to actively transport water- pumps transport ions and set up osmotic gradients and water flows by osmosis through special membrane channels called aquaporins

b)

carefully regulate the amount of water and electrolytes that they excrete in urine and feces,wax, protein, and chitin later on surface that is hydrophobic and impermeable to water

c)

from their body surfaces and from the surfaces of their lungs every time they breathe and in urine.they replace lost electrolytes by eating and drinking

d)

electrolytes and water from filtrate are reabsorbed from the hindgut and returned to the hemolymph

61.

responsible for water and electrolyte balance as well as excretion of nitrogenous wastes

a)

kidney

b)

nephron

c)

vasa recta

d)

cloaca

62.

active transport of Na and Cl out

a)

thick ascending limb (transport type)

b)

thin ascending limb permeability

c)

thin ascending limb (transport type)

d)

descending limb (transport type0

63.

passive transport of water out

a)

thin ascending limb permeability

b)

thick ascending limb (transport type)

c)

thin ascending limb (transport type)

d)

descending limb (transport type 0)

64.

a network of blood vessels that runs along the loop, as a result, water and electrolytes are reabsorbed and return to bloodstream instead of being excreted in urine

a)

vasa recta

b)

cloaca

c)

thin ascending limb (transport type)

d)

thick ascending limb (transport type)

65.

ureters empty isomostic urine into the cloaca, a cavity into which the urinary gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts all empty

a)

cloaca

b)

reptiles and loop of henle

c)

vasa recta

d)

thin ascending limb (transport type)

66.

reptiles lack loop of henle and therefore are unable to produce concentrated urine

a)

thin ascending limb (transport type)

b)

cloaca

c)

vasa recta

d)

reptiles and loop of henle

67.

passive transport of Na and Cl out

a)

thin ascending limb permeability

b)

descending limb (transport type 0)

c)

thin ascending limb (transport type)

d)

descending limb permeability

68.

highly permeable to solutes and moderately permeable to urea and impermeable to water

a)

descending limb (transport type0

b)

thick ascending limb (transport type)

c)

thin ascending limb permeability

d)

thin ascending limb (transport type)

69.

-highly permeable to water

- almost completely impermeable to solutes

a)

descending limb permeability

b)

thin ascending limb (transport type)

c)

thin ascending limb permeability

d)

thick ascending limb (transport type)

70.

functional unit of the kidney

a)

vasa recta

b)

cloaca

c)

nephron

d)

reptiles and loop of henle

71.

blood-like fluid in insects that transfer fluid and ions

a)

kidney

b)

malphigian tubules

c)

hemolymph

d)

nephron

72.

-the insect tracheal system connects with the atmosphere at openings at spiracles

- the ability to close spiracles is an important adaption for minimizing water loss

a)

spiracle

b)

hemolymph

c)

malphigian tubules

d)

kidney

73.

-hyposmotic

- so they gain water via osmosis across gill epithelium

- cells will burst if they don't get rid of excess water

- so they excrete large amounts of water in their urine and do not drink(osmotic stress)

- electrolytes tend to diffuse out of the gill epithelium so they have to eat a lot or actively transport them into the body

a)

freshwater is _______ to fish tissues

b)

terrestrial animals lose water by ____ and lost electolytes via__

c)

freshwater fish gain water by___ and lose electrolytes by__

d)

secondary active transport (cotransport)

74.

-make the transition from fresh water to sea water and adapt to the increased salinity by responding to a signal that stimulates chloride secretion.

-pump excessive sodium and chloride ions out into the sea against a concentration gradient in marine fish.

-In the gills of freshwater fish, they pump sodium and chloride ions into the fish, also against a concentration gradient.

a)

antiporter

b)

freshwater chloride cell

c)

spiracle

d)

symporter

75.

-osmoconformers

- sharks lose little water by osmosis but they have to use energy to make proteins to protect their cells from the toxic effects of high urea concentrations

- rectal gland for excretion of salt (NA/K-ATP-ases are vital for this)

a)

spiracle

b)

antiporter

c)

sharks, rays, and skates are...

d)

hemolymph

76.

How does water cross through membranes?

a)

no was to actively transport water- pumps transport ions and set up osmotic gradients and water flows by osmosis through special membrane channels called aquaporins

b)

freshwater chloride cell

c)

secondary active transport (cotransport)

d)

spiracle

77.

co-transporter that moves different solutes in the same direction

a)

antiporter

b)

primary active transport

c)

symporter

d)

secondary active transport (cotransport)

78.

co-transporter that moves different solutions in opposite directions

a)

antiporter

b)

symporter

c)

secondary active transport (cotransport)

d)

primary active transport

79.

relies on membrane proteins to use and electrochemical gradient established by a pump during primary active transport

a)

primary active transport

b)

secondary active transport (cotransport)

c)

symporter

d)

antiporter

80.

a source of energy like ATP is used to move ions against their gradients

a)

primary active transport

b)

secondary active transport (cotransport)

c)

symporter

d)

antiporter

81.

-evaporation from gas exchange, urine and feces

- land animals CONSTANTLY lose water to the environmenthave to eat and drink a lot to make up for it

a)

freshwater is _______ to fish tissues

b)

marine fish lose water by ___ and gain electrolytes by _____

c)

freshwater fish gain water by___ and lose electrolytes by__

d)

terrestrial animals lose water by ____ and lost electolytes via__

82.

osmosis, diffusion

a)

terrestrial animals lose water by ____ and lost electolytes via__

b)

freshwater fish gain water by___ and lose electrolytes by__

c)

marine fish lose water by ___ and gain electrolytes by _____

d)

freshwater is _______ to fish tissues

83.

lose water by osmosis, gain electrolytes by diffusion

a)

marine fish lose water by ___ and gain electrolytes by _____

b)

freshwater fish gain water by___ and lose electrolytes by__

c)

terrestrial animals lose water by ____ and lost electolytes via__

d)

antiporter

84.

-LOWER than seawater (seawater is hyperosmotic to the tissues of marine bony fishes)

- so water tends to flow by osmosis out of the gill epithelium

- they replace the lost water by drinking large quantities of seawater which makes too many electrolytes, so they have to actively pump ions out of their bodies

a)

secondary active transport (cotransport)

b)

marine fish keep the osmolarity of their tissues

c)

freshwater fish gain water by___ and lose electrolytes by__

d)

primary active transport

85.

organisms that maintain an internal environment that is osmotic to their external environment

a)

electrolyte

b)

osmosis

c)

osmoconformers

d)

osmoregulation

86.

movement of water down its gradient across a semi-permeable membrane

a)

osmosis

b)

osmoregulation

c)

osmoconformers

d)

electrolyte

87.

-epithelial cells reabsorb nutrients, vitamins, valuable ions, and water

- epithelial cells of the proximal tubule have a prominent series of small projections called microvilli

a)

aldosterone

b)

proximal tubule

c)

loop of henle

d)

distal tubule

88.

-ions and water are reabsorbed in a regulated manner—one that helps maintain water and electrolyte balance.

-Aldosterone regulates Na/K pumps

a)

electrolyte

b)

osmosis

c)

distal tubule

d)

osmoregulation

89.

-establishes a strong osmotic gradient in the tissues outside the loop, with osmolarity increasing as the loop descends

- opposite flow enables the loop of henle to function as a countercurrent exchanger and multiplier

a)

distal tubule

b)

proximal tubule

c)

loop of henle

d)

renal corpuscle

90.

the distal tubule, collecting duct, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a)

Regulation of water involves

b)

distal tubule

c)

electrolyte

d)

osmoconformers

91.

collecting duct remains impermeable to water

a)

Regulation of water involves

b)

In absence of ADH

c)

collecting duct

d)

osmosis

92.

causes insertion of aquaporins in collecting tube cells. Causes tube to leak urea, creating favorable gradient for water salvage via osmosis

a)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

b)

aldosterone

c)

distal tubule

d)

electrolyte

93.

regulating salts - activates Na/K pumps in distal tubes to salvage salts

a)

proximal tubule

b)

distal tubule

c)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

d)

aldosterone

94.

filters blood, forming a "pre-urine" consisting of ions, nutrients, wastes, and water

a)

renal corpuscle

b)

proximal tubule

c)

loop of henle

d)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

95.

URIC ACID - low toxicity - lots of energy - little water

a)

disposal of nitrogenous waste in mammals, amphibians, and cartilaginous fish

b)

disposal of nitrogenous waste in reptiles, birds, insects

c)

disposal of nitrogenous waste in bony fish and aquatic invertebrates

d)

renal corpuscle

96.

UREA - moderate toxicity - lots of energy moderate water

a)

disposal of nitrogenous waste in bony fish and aquatic invertebrates

b)

disposal of nitrogenous waste in reptiles, birds, insects

c)

disposal of nitrogenous waste in mammals, amphibians, and cartilaginous fish

d)

proximal tubule

97.

osmolarity takes into account the total concentration of penetrating solutes and non-penetrating solutes, whereas tonicity takes into account the total concentration of only non-penetrating solutes

a)

proximal tubule

b)

aldosterone

c)

difference between tonicity and osmolarity

d)

loop of henle

98.

the solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

a)

osmoregulation

b)

collecting duct

c)

renal corpuscle

d)

osmolarity

99.

no net movement

a)

isosmotic

b)

osmolarity

c)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

d)

distal tubule

100.

Anatomy

a)

an organisms physical structure or form

b)

how the physical structures of an organism function

c)

heritable traits that make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce in a certain enviornment

d)

inescapable compromises between traits

101.

Pollination syndromes

a)

suites of flower characteristics that are associated with certain types of pollinators.

b)

white, violet, yellow, uv colors; nectar; scent; bilateral symmetry, nectar guides

c)

red flowers, lots of nectar, no scent

d)

white or light flowers, long thin corolla tube, heavy sweet scent, open at night

102.

BEE polination

a)

suites of flower characteristics that are associated with certain types of pollinators.

b)

white, violet, yellow, uv colors; nectar; scent; bilateral symmetry, nectar guides

c)

red flowers, lots of nectar, no scent

d)

white or light flowers, long thin corolla tube, heavy sweet scent, open at night

103.

HUMMINGBIRD polination

a)

suites of flower characteristics that are associated with certain types of pollinators.

b)

white, violet, yellow, uv colors; nectar; scent; bilateral symmetry, nectar guides

c)

red flowers, lots of nectar, no scent

d)

white or light flowers, long thin corolla tube, heavy sweet scent, open at night

104.

HAWKMOTH pollination

a)

suites of flower characteristics that are associated with certain types of pollinators.

b)

white or light flowers, long thin corolla tube, heavy sweet scent, open at night

c)

red flowers, lots of nectar, no scent

d)

white, violet, yellow, uv colors; nectar; scent; bilateral symmetry, nectar guides

105.

Plant life cycles are commonly "animalized" in agriculture, horticulture, and general biology classes because?

a)

Male and female parts of flowers develop at different TIMES

b)

anthers and stigma are so far apart that self pollination is extremely unlikely

c)

only sporophytes considered and gametophytes ignored

d)

molecular interactions prevent pollen grains from delivering sperm to the female gametophyte produced on the same plant

106.

Tissue culture starts with

a)

undifferentiated plant cells (parenchyma)

b)

only sporophytes considered and gametophytes ignored

c)

suites of flower characteristics that are associated with certain types of pollinators.

107.

STEPS OF POLLEN TUBE GROWTH AND FERTILIZATION..

step 1?

a)

A pollen grain lands on stigma, absorbs water, and germinates. 

b)

pollen tube grows through the stigma and down the style during germination. The tube cell nucleus travel down the length of the tube, and the generative cell divides to form two sperm

c)

 when pollen tube reaches micropyle of ovule, it grows through it and enters a synergid which then denigrates.

d)

in angiosperms, double fertilization occurs:one sperm unites with the egg to form the zygote

108.

STEPS OF POLLEN TUBE GROWTH AND FERTILIZATION

step 2?

a)

when pollen tube reaches micropyle of ovule, it grows through it and enters a synergid which then denigrates.

b)

 pollen tube grows through the stigma and down the style during germination. The tube cell nucleus travel down the length of the tube, and the generative cell divides to form two sperm

c)

A pollen grain lands on stigma, absorbs water, and germinates. 

d)

 in angiosperms, double fertilization occurs:one sperm unites with the egg to form the zygote

109.

STEPS OF POLLEN TUBE GROWTH AND FERTILIZATION

step 3?

a)

in angiosperms, double fertilization occurs:one sperm unites with the egg to form the zygote

b)

when pollen tube reaches micropyle of ovule, it grows through it and enters a synergid which then denigrates.

c)

pollen tube grows through the stigma and down the style during germination. The tube cell nucleus travel down the length of the tube, and the generative cell divides to form two sperm

d)

A pollen grain lands on stigma, absorbs water, and germinates. 

110.

STEPS OF POLLEN TUBE GROWTH AND FERTILIZATION

step 4?

a)

when pollen tube reaches micropyle of ovule, it grows through it and enters a synergid which then denigrates.

b)

in angiosperms, double fertilization occurs:one sperm unites with the egg to form the zygote

c)

A pollen grain lands on stigma, absorbs water, and germinates. 

d)

pollen tube grows through the stigma and down the style during germination. The tube cell nucleus travel down the length of the tube, and the generative cell divides to form two sperm

111.

Monocot/dicot cotyledon differences

a)

monocots have one cotyledon and dicots have two

b)

dicots have one cotyledon and monocot have two

112.

Drying in seed maturation

a)

many species of seeds dry out as they mature. the loss of water is an adaption that prevents seeds from germinating until water is available

b)

thickened walls of ovary that surrounds and protects the seed.

c)

develop from a single flower that contains a single carpel or several carpels fused together(CHERRY)

d)

develop from a single flower with separate carpels (BLACKBERRY)

113.

ovules develop into

a)

seeds

b)

leaves

c)

thorns

114.

Pericarp

a)

thickened walls of ovary that surrounds and protects the seed.

b)

develop from a single flower that contains a single carpel or several carpels fused together(CHERRY)

c)

develop from a single flower with separate carpels (BLACKBERRY)

d)

dull colored but fragrant

115.

Simple fruits

a)

develop from many flowers - thus many carpels (PINEAPPLE)

b)

develop from a single flower that contains a single carpel or several carpels fused together(CHERRY)

c)

develop from a single flower with separate carpels (BLACKBERRY)

116.

aggregate fruits

a)

develop from many flowers - thus many carpels (PINEAPPLE)

b)

develop from a single flower that contains a single carpel or several carpels fused together(CHERRY)

c)

develop from a single flower with separate carpels (BLACKBERRY)

117.

multiple fruits

a)

develop from many flowers - thus many carpels (PINEAPPLE)

b)

develop from a single flower with separate carpels (BLACKBERRY)

c)

develop from a single flower that contains a single carpel or several carpels fused together(CHERRY)

118.

Mammal dispersed fruits are dull colored but fragrant

a)

true

b)

false

119.

Bird dispersed fruits are brightly colored

a)

true

b)

false

120.

dormancy

a)

when seeds to not germinate for a period of time

b)

abscisic acid and gibberellin

c)

thickened walls of ovary that surrounds and protects the seed.

121.

What hormone regulates seed development and dormancy?

a)

abscisic acid and gibberellin

b)

abscisic acid

c)

gibberellin

122.

viviparity

a)

cannot either make or respond to ABA

b)

the seeds germination the parent plant as soon as they mature

c)

abscisic acid 

d)

gibberellin

123.

How is dormancy broken?

a)

when seeds to not germinate for a period of time.

b)

SCARIFICATION because the coats of some seeds are thick enough to prevent water and oxygen from physically reaching the embryo.(fire, light, weather)

c)

exposed to light

124.

Where do small seeds germinate?

a)

near the surface of soil because they need to be exposed to light to feed themselves via photosynthesis because they do not have many nutrient reserves in their endosperm or cotyledons

b)

water uptake via a steep water potential gradient because the seed is so dry and oxygen consumption and protein synthesis in the seed increase

c)

water uptake slows/stops and new mRNAs are transcribed and translated into protein products. The water uptake from hydrates existing proteins and membranes to begin manufacture of mitochondria.

d)

water uptake resumes and growth begins and eventually seedling bursts from seed coat

125.

Germination steps

step 1?

a)

water uptake via a steep water potential gradient because the seed is so dry and oxygen consumption and protein synthesis in the seed increase

b)

water uptake slows/stops and new mRNAs are transcribed and translated into protein products. The water uptake from hydrates existing proteins and membranes to begin manufacture of mitochondria

c)

water uptake resumes and growth begins and eventually seedling bursts from seed coat

126.

Germination steps

step 3?

a)

water uptake via a steep water potential gradient because the seed is so dry and oxygen consumption and protein synthesis in the seed increase

b)

water uptake slows/stops and new mRNAs are transcribed and translated into protein products. The water uptake from hydrates existing proteins and membranes to begin manufacture of mitochondria.

c)

water uptake resumes and growth begins and eventually seedling bursts from seed coat

127.

Germination steps

step 2?

a)

water uptake via a steep water potential gradient because the seed is so dry and oxygen consumption and protein synthesis in the seed increase

b)

water uptake slows/stops and new mRNAs are transcribed and translated into protein products. The water uptake from hydrates existing proteins and membranes to begin manufacture of mitochondria.

c)

water uptake resumes and growth begins and eventually seedling bursts from seed coat

128.

radical

a)

the first thing to emerge from the seed because the plant must have a water source to grow.

b)

produces the non-reproductive portions of the plant body (roots, leaves, stems)

c)

absorb nutrients from the endosperm and supply them to the rest of the embryo

d)

shoot apical meristems and root apical meristems are undifferenciated cells

129.

vegetative development

a)

leaf development

b)

produces the non-reproductive portions of the plant body (roots, leaves, stems)

c)

the first thing to emerge from the seed because the plant must have a water source to grow.

d)

sets-up apical basal axis (once auxin triggers the production of it)

130.

embryogenesis (steps)

step 1?

a)

zygote divides into two daughter cells

b)

the two daughter cells divided into:basal cell which gives rise to a column of cells (suspensor) and apical cell above basal cell which gives rise to the rest of the embryo

c)

cells of the heart stage embryo differentiate into progenitors of the three embryonic tissues (protoderm, ground meristem, procambium)

d)

precursors of root and shoot systems form the embryonic tissues

131.

embryogenesis (steps)

steps 2?

a)

zygote divides into two daughter cells

b)

the two daughter cells divided into:basal cell which gives rise to a column of cells (suspensor) and apical cell above basal cell which gives rise to the rest of the embryo

c)

cells of the heart stage embryo differentiate into progenitors of the three embryonic tissues (protoderm, ground meristem, procambium)

d)

precursors of root and shoot systems form the embryonic tissues.

132.

embryogenesis (steps)

step 3?

a)

zygote divides into two daughter cells

b)

 the two daughter cells divided into:basal cell which gives rise to a column of cells (suspensor) and apical cell above basal cell which gives rise to the rest of the embryo

c)

 cells of the heart stage embryo differentiate into progenitors of the three embryonic tissues (protoderm, ground meristem, procambium)

d)

precursors of root and shoot systems form the embryonic tissues.

133.

embryogenesis (steps)

step 4?

a)

zygote divides into two daughter cells

b)

the two daughter cells divided into:basal cell which gives rise to a column of cells (suspensor) and apical cell above basal cell which gives rise to the rest of the embryo

c)

cells of the heart stage embryo differentiate into progenitors of the three embryonic tissues (protoderm, ground meristem, procambium)

d)

precursors of root and shoot systems form the embryonic tissues.

134.

cotyledon

a)

absorb nutrients from the endosperm and supply them to the rest of the embryo

b)

shoot apical meristems and root apical meristems are undifferenciated cells

c)

sets-up apical basal axis (once auxin triggers the production of it)

d)

genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants.

135.

meristem

a)

leaf development

b)

absorb nutrients from the endosperm and supply them to the rest of the embryo

c)

shoot apical meristems and root apical meristems are undifferenciated cells

d)

sets-up apical basal axis (once auxin triggers the production of it)

136.

MONOPTEROS

a)

genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants.

b)

shoot apical meristems and root apical meristems are undifferenciated cells

c)

absorb nutrients from the endosperm and supply them to the rest of the embryo

d)

sets-up apical basal axis (once auxin triggers the production of it)

137.

PHAN

a)

produces the non-reproductive portions of the plant body (roots, leaves, stems)

b)

the first thing to emerge from the seed because the plant must have a water source to grow.

c)

leaf development

d)

genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants.

138.

homeotic mutants

a)

absorb nutrients from the endosperm and supply them to the rest of the embryo

b)

sets-up apical basal axis (once auxin triggers the production of it)

c)

genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants.

d)

shoot apical meristems and root apical meristems are undifferenciated cells

139.

ABC MODEL RULES

A=

a)

sepal

b)

petal

c)

stamen

d)

carpel

140.

ABC MODEL RULES

A + B =

a)

sepal

b)

petal

c)

stamen

d)

carpel

141.

ABC MODEL RULES

B + C =

a)

sepal

b)

petal

c)

stamen

d)

carpel

142.

ABC MODEL RULES

C =

a)

sepal

b)

petal

c)

stamen

d)

carpel

143.

reproductive structure in angiosperms that produces gametes, attracts pollinators, receives gametes, attracts pollinators, receivers gametes from other individuals, nourishes embryos, and develops seeds and fruits.

a)

Flower

b)

Seeds

c)

fruits

d)

Angiosperms

144.

-PROS: genetically diverse offspring that can resist attack from pathogens etc.

-CONS: riskier

a)

Temporal avoidance

b)

Spacial avoidance

c)

PROS AND CONS of out-crossing

d)

PROS AND CONS of selfing

145.

Male and female parts of flowers develop at different TIMES

a)

Temporal avoidance

b)

Spacial avoidance

c)

Pollination syndromes

d)

BEE Pollination

146.

anthers and stigma are so far apart that self pollination is extremely unlikely

a)

molecular matching / self-incompatable

b)

Temporal avoidance

c)

Spacial avoidance

d)

Pollination syndromes

147.

molecular interactions prevent pollen grains from delivering sperm to the female gametophyte produced on the same plant

a)

molecular matching / self-incompatable

b)

Spacial avoidance

c)

Temporal avoidance

d)

Pollination syndromes

148.

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma.

a)

Cross-polination

b)

Self-fertilization

c)

pollination

d)

Temporal avoidance

149.

sperm and egg from the same individual combine to produce an offspring.

a)

Temporal avoidance

b)

Cross-polination

c)

pollination

d)

Self-fertilization

150.

when pollen is carried from the anther one one individual to stigma of another

a)

Temporal avoidance

b)

Cross-polination

c)

Self-fertilization

d)

pollination

151.

-PROS: successful pollination is virtually assured - no reliance on pollinators

-CONS: offspring are less diverse genetically andcan suffer from inbreeding depression

a)

pollination

b)

PROS AND CONS of selfing

c)

PROS AND CONS of out-crossing

d)

Self-fertilization

152.

consists of an embryo and nutrient stores surrounded by a protective coat

a)

Angiosperms

b)

Flower

c)

Seeds

d)

fruits

153.

Formation of MALE gemetophytes Step 2

a)

each of the four haploid cells produced are microspores - they divide by mitosis to form pollen grains (the two nuclei that result from mitosis in the microspore form a haploid, immature male gametophyte)

b)

forming four haploid megaspores result from meiosis but three degenerate

c)

haploid nuclei segregate to different positions in the embryo sac and some become synergids while ONE of these cells becomes the haploid egg

d)

In the anther's microsporangia, microsporocytes undergo meiosis

154.

the ovary around the ovule develops into a fruit which encloses and protects the seeds (seeds if the single ovary contains multiple ovules)

a)

Angiosperms

b)

fruits

c)

plantlets

d)

Rhizome

155.

represent over 85% of land plants

a)

Angiosperms

b)

Rhizome

c)

Axexual reproduction

d)

corms

156.

sticky tip that receives pollen

a)

Stigma

b)

Style

c)

Ovary

d)

Carpel

157.

Formation of female gametophyte Step 2

a)

forming four haploid megaspores result from meiosis but three degenerate

b)

each of the four haploid cells produced are microspores - they divide by mitosis to form pollen grains (the two nuclei that result from mitosis in the microspore form a haploid, immature male gametophyte)

c)

In the anther's microsporangia, microsporocytes undergo meiosis

d)

single surviving megaspore divides by MITOSIS to produce a structure with haploid nuclei (female gametophtye - embryo sac)

158.

Formation of MALE gemetophytes Step 1

a)

each of the four haploid cells produced are microspores - they divide by mitosis to form pollen grains (the two nuclei that result from mitosis in the microspore form a haploid, immature male gametophyte)

b)

In the anther's microsporangia, microsporocytes undergo meiosis

c)

Inside an ovule, a (diploid) megasporophyte divides by meiosis

d)

forming four haploid megaspores result from meiosis but three degenerate

159.

Formation of female gametophyte Step 4

a)

haploid nuclei segregate to different positions in the embryo sac and some become synergids while ONE of these cells becomes the haploid egg

b)

single surviving megaspore divides by MITOSIS to produce a structure with haploid nuclei (female gametophtye - embryo sac)

c)

forming four haploid megaspores result from meiosis but three degenerate

d)

Inside an ovule, a (diploid) megasporophyte divides by meiosis

160.

Formation of female gametophyte Step 3

a)

forming four haploid megaspores result from meiosis but three degenerate

b)

haploid nuclei segregate to different positions in the embryo sac and some become synergids while ONE of these cells becomes the haploid egg

c)

single surviving megaspore divides by MITOSIS to produce a structure with haploid nuclei (female gametophtye - embryo sac)

d)

Inside an ovule, a (diploid) megasporophyte divides by meiosis

161.

slender stalk

a)

Stigma

b)

Style

c)

Ovary

d)

Petal

162.

Formation of female gametophyte Step 1

a)

In the anther's microsporangia, microsporocytes undergo meiosis

b)

Inside an ovule, a (diploid) megasporophyte divides by meiosis

c)

forming four haploid megaspores result from meiosis but three degenerate

d)

single surviving megaspore divides by MITOSIS to produce a structure with haploid nuclei (female gametophtye - embryo sac)

163.

species have the male and female reproductive structures on separate plants. (WEED)

a)

dioecous

b)

monoecious

c)

carpel

d)

sepal

164.

have male flowers and female flowers in separate structures on the same plant. (CORN)

a)

PERFECT flowers

b)

monoecious

c)

dioecous

d)

IMPERFECT flowers

165.

flowers that have either stamens OR carpels

a)

monoecious

b)

dioecous

c)

IMPERFECT flowers

d)

PERFECT flowers

166.

flowers that contain both stamens and carpels

a)

dioecous

b)

monoecious

c)

IMPERFECT flowers

d)

PERFECT flowers

167.

enlarged structure at base of carpel

a)

Stigma

b)

Style

c)

Ovary

d)

Sepal

168.

-produce female gametes

stigma, style ovary

a)

Carpel

b)

Stamen

c)

Sepal

d)

Petal

169.

does not involve fertilization and results in the production of clones (genetically identical copies of parent)

a)

corms

b)

Axexual reproduction

c)

Angiosperms

d)

plantlets

170.

-reproductive structures that produce male gametes

- pollen grains - which then produces sperm.

-stalk - filamentpollen producing structure - anther (MEIOSIS)

a)

Stamen

b)

carpel

c)

Petal

d)

Sepal

171.

Describe wind-pollinated flowers

a)

flowers have small petals or none at all and lack nectaries. instead they invest in making large numbers of pollen grains

b)

produce female gametes - consists of:stigma - sticky tip that receives pollenstyle - slender stalkovary - enlarged structure at base of carpel

c)

flowers that contain both stamens and carpels

d)

flowers that have either stamens OR carpels

172.

In plants, meiosis produces....?

a)

haploid cells that have half the genetic information of the parent that eventually produce eggs and sperm(gamtes)

b)

reproductive structures that produce male gametes - pollen grains - which then produces sperm. stalk - filamentpollen producing structure - anther (MEIOSIS)

c)

produce female gametes - consists of:stigma - sticky tip that receives pollenstyle - slender stalkovary - enlarged structure at base of carpel

d)

flowers that contain both stamens and carpels

173.

shoots or roots emerging from a horizontal stem (underground)

a)

corms

b)

plantlets

c)

Rhizome

d)

Angiosperms

174.

-arranges around the receptical.

-Brightly colored and scented to advertise the flower to specific pollinators.

- called COROLA

a)

carpels

b)

sepals

c)

stamen

d)

Petals

175.

onion and gladiolus

a)

Apomixis

b)

plantlets

c)

Rhizome

d)

corms

176.

is a type of nuclear division that results in four daughter cells. (genetically different offspring)

a)

sporophyte

b)

meiosis

c)

Sexual reproduction

d)

fertilization

177.

-form an outer protective whorl around receptical.

-Leaf-like structure that make up the outer part of the flower.

-Photosynthetic.

-usually green, relatively thick compared to other parts.

- in a flower called CALYX

a)

Apomixis

b)

sporangia

c)

sepals

d)

Petals

178.

-PROS: genetically different offspring

-CONS: expenditure of energy to find a mate

a)

Pros and Cons of sexual reproduction

b)

sporophyte

c)

gametophyte

d)

sporangia

179.

haploid - (produce sperm and egg - gametes -by mitosis)

a)

sporophyte

b)

sporangia

c)

gametophyte

d)

sepals

180.

Four organs that make up flowers?

a)

Sepals

b)

petals

c)

stamens

d)

carpels

e)

all of the above

181.

structures in which meiosis and spore production occur

a)

sepals

b)

sporophyte

c)

sporangia

d)

gametophyte

182.

Zygotes undergo (which osis and what happens?)

a)

mitosis -grow into a multi-cellular diploid embryo (sporophyte)

b)

structures in which meiosis and spore production occur

c)

mitosis to develop into multi-cellular haploid gametes

d)

the fusion of haploid cells (gametes) to form a zygote

183.

spores undergo .....?

a)

the ovary around the ovule develops into a fruit which encloses and protects the seeds (seeds if the single ovary contains multiple ovules)

b)

the fusion of haploid cells (gametes) to form a zygote

c)

haploid - (produce sperm and egg - gametes -by mitosis)

d)

mitosis to develop into multi-cellular haploid gametes

184.

diploid - (produce spores by meiosis)

a)

sporangia

b)

sporophyte

c)

gametophyte

d)

fertilization

185.

the fusion of haploid cells (gametes) to form a zygote

a)

fertilization

b)

sporophyte

c)

gametophyte

d)

sporangia

186.

-PROS: efficiency, no need to find a mate

-CONS: one infection of an individual plant will likely succeed in infecting the plant's cloned offspring. (lack genetic diversity)

a)

asexual reproduction

b)

Sexual reproduction

c)

meiosis

d)

fertilization

187.

is based on meiosis and fertilization

a)

gametophyte

b)

sporophyte

c)

Sexual reproduction

d)

meiosis

188.

small plants from the meristematic tissue located along the margins of leaves. When plantlets mature they drop off of the parent plant and become independent individuals.

a)

plantlets

b)

Apomixis

c)

corms

d)

Rhizome

189.

dandelions - mature seeds can form without fertilization occurring and results in genetically identical seeds.

a)

Apomixis

b)

plantlets

c)

corms

d)

Rhizome

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