European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.

independent states–the Orange Free State and Transvaal–established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners.

British official who reformed East India Company’s corruption during the 1790s.

German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.

Ottoman sultan (1878-1908) who tried to return to despotic absolutism; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties.

British philosopher and political economist; of the most influential thinkers in the history of classical liberalism, utilitarianism and proponent of individual liberties.

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.

the act of officially ending or stopping something; abolishing slavery

 an 18th-century philosopher renowned as the father of modern economics and a major proponent of laissez-faire economic policies and free enterprise

a structure whereby the owners are not personally liable for the company's debts or liabilities.

a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity

fundamental legislation that effectively stopped all non-European immigration into Australia and that contributed to the development of a racially insulated white society.

written by Simon Bolivar, it outline abuses faced in Grand Colombia by the Spanish

Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; included a European-influenced constitution in 1876.

is an enterprise that is involved with the international production of goods or services, foreign investments, or income and asset management in more than one country.

 rebellion of the British American/Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.

adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source/ document for later liberal movements.

 the process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods

overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

colonies–as South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii–where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.

1866-1925); Chinese revolutionary leader, of scholar-gentry background.

popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China; put down by intervention of the Western powers.

 the first and only major federal legislation to explicitly suspend immigration for a specific nationality. The basic exclusion law prohibited Chinese laborer’s—defined as “both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining”—from entering the country.

the practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas broadly. 

abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market

also known as "shares" or "equity"- is a type of security that signifies proportionate ownership in the issuing corporation.

 the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.

fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China.

British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated the political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics.

discovered germs and of the purifying process named after him.

historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation

controlled Egypt following the French withdrawal; began a modernization process based on Western models, but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848

his voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West.

political ideology that flourished in 19th-century Western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium War.

the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate.

intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.

: is the idea that the United States is destined—by God, its advocates believed—to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent.

fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left Africans under Afrikaner control.

 a new religious movement; incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems; based on the performance of a ritual (dance) that, it was believed, would drive away white people and restore the traditional lands and way of life.

: existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations.

the United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panama isthmus.

conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability.

 is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

 an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government.

 Young Turks; intellectuals and political agitators seeking the return of the 1876 constitution; gained power through a coup in 1908.

 huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.

followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.

the rapid advance in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel production, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons

political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class

leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.

 built to link the Mediterranean and Red seas; opened in 1869; British later occupied Egypt to safeguard their financial and strategic interests.

 the right to vote

massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1860s led by Hong Xinquan; sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism.

a type of cloth or woven fabric

 between April 1856 and June 1857, the various sections of the Xhosa people slaughtered almost all their enormous stocks of cattle and deliberately killed their crops, to raise the dead, bring the Xhosa nation back to its former glory  and to render the Xhosa the assistance they required in order to drive the white man out of the land.

Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British.