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AP Biology Unit 4 Review: Cell Signaling, Cell Cycle, Mitosis

Total questions: 71

Worksheet time: 1hrs 25mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?

a)

cAMP

b)

G proteins

c)

phosphodiesterase

d)

protein kinase

2.

What could happen to the target cells in an animal that lack receptors for local regulators?

a)

They could compensate by receiving nutrients via an α factor.

b)

They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.

c)

They could divide but never reach full size.

d)

They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.

3.
A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a
a)
ligand
b)
second messenger
c)
protein kinase
d)
receptor protein
4.
What is a G protein?
a)
specific type of membrane-receptor protein
b)
protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane
c)
membrane-bound enzyme
d)
relay protein
5.
Which of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?
a)
hormone
b)
local regulator
c)
endocrine cell
6.
The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are
a)
reception, transduction, response
b)
response, transduction, reception
c)
reception, response, transduction
d)
transduction, reception, response
7.

This is an example of

a)

paracrine signaling

b)

endocrine signaling

c)

autocrine signaling

d)

juxtacrine signaling

8.
Which of the following would be an example of paracrine signaling in animals?
a)
neurotransmitter acetylcholine
b)
hormone epinephrine
c)
neurotransmitter norepinephrine
d)
growth factor
9.
What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?
a)
size
b)
polarity
c)
ability to cross the membrane
d)
all of these are correct
10.
1.  Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways:  
 I.  Response  
II.  Amplification  
 III.  Reception  
IV.  Transduction
 Which of the following represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?
a)
I, II, III, IV
b)
III, I, IV, II
c)
II, IV, I, III
d)
III, IV, II, I
11.
What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?
a)
gated ion channel
b)
G-protein receptor
c)
tyrosine kinase receptor
12.

Type of cell signaling where the ligand is produced at a location distant from its target cell(s)

a)

autocrine signaling

b)

juxtracrine signaling

c)

paracrine signaling

d)

endocrine signaling

13.

Receptors for signal molecules __________.

a)

all work via protein kinases

b)

are never found in the nucleus of a cell

c)

may be found embedded in the plasma membrane, or found within the cytoplasm or nucleus

d)

all work by opening ion channels

e)

are only found associated with the plasma membrane

14.

What is Apoptosis?

a)

Programmed cell death

b)

Inflammation of cell

c)

Phagocytosis

d)

Plasmolysis

15.

Why is apoptosis required?

a)

Glycolysis

b)

Cell division: Meiosis and mitosis

c)

Elimination of threats such as viruses and DNA damage

16.
What is the cell cycle?
a)
The gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
b)
The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
c)
The branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
d)
The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter cells.
17.
Which part of the Cell Cycle takes the longest?
a)
Interphase
b)
Mitosis
c)
Prophase
d)
Cytokinesis
18.
What part of the cell cycle results in the splitting of the new cells?
a)
Interphase
b)
Mitosis
c)
Metaphase
d)
Cytokinesis
19.
What phase is this cell in?
a)
Cytokinesis
b)
Mitosis
c)
Prophase
d)
Metaphase
20.
What phase is this cell in?
a)
Mitosis
b)
Interphase
c)
Anaphase
d)
Telophase
21.
What phase is this cell in?
a)
Mitosis
b)
Cytokinesis
c)
Prophase
d)
Telophase
22.
What phase is this cell in?
a)
Mitosis
b)
Interphase
c)
Prophase
d)
Telophase
23.

Identical halves of a chromosome are called?

a)

Cousins

b)

Chromatids

c)

Centromere

d)

Centrosome

24.

Chromosomes are visible and spindle fibers start to appear

a)

prophase

b)

metaphase

c)

telophase

d)

anaphase

25.

Having only one copy of each chromsome

a)

haploid

b)

diploid

c)

triploid

d)

octoploid

26.

After mitosis the number of chromosomes in the newly created cells will be:

a)

Half the number of the original cell

b)

The same number as the original cell

c)

Twice as much as the original cell

27.

What type of cell will form a cell plate during mitosis?

a)

Haploid cells

b)

Plant Cells

c)

Animal Cells

d)

Diploid Cells

28.
The material of chromosomes which is made up of proteins and DNA is called ________________.
a)
Centromere
b)
Chromatid
c)
Karyotype
d)
Chromatin
29.
The ___________ holds the replicated sister chromatids together.
a)
centriole
b)
chromosomes
c)
centromere
d)
cycles
30.
In the S stage of interphase_______________
a)
the cell grows
b)
the nucleus divides
c)
the cell membrane divides
d)
the DNA is replicated
31.
In the G1 stage of the cell cycle, the cell
a)
Grows
b)
Matures
c)
Carries on normal activities
d)
All of the above
32.
The chromosome in the diagram 
a)
has been replilcated
b)
consists of 2 copies of 1 chromosome
c)
is about to go through cell division
d)
all of the above.
33.

Which cell cycle checkpoint verifies cell size and checks the DNA for damage?

a)

G1 checkpoint

b)

S checkpoint

c)

G2 checkpoint

d)

M checkpoint

34.

Certain cells in the body, including some nerve cells, never undergo cellular division once a person is fully grown. These cells enter a resting phase known as –

a)

M

b)

G1

c)

G0

d)

S

35.

Q2. Humans possess 23 chromosomes in their gametes; how many chromosomes are in the somatic cells of humans?

a)

11

b)

69

c)

23

d)

46

36.

The mitotic spindle (microtubules) plays a role in which process?

a)

cytokinesis

b)

condensation of chromatin into chromosomes

c)

dissolving the nuclear membrane

d)

separation of sister chromatids

37.

What two components make an active MPF

a)

a growth factor and a mitotic factor

b)

ATP synthetase and a protease

c)

cyclin and tubulin

d)

cyclin and a cyclin-dependent kinase

38.

Which molecule triggers the cell to pass the G2 checkpoint and enter mitosis?

a)

PDGF

b)

MPF

c)

cyclin

d)

cdk

39.

Cells from cancerous tumors usually have an unusual number of chromosomes, and unusual looking chromosomes. What could explain this?

a)

cancer cells are in G0

b)

cancer cells are arrested in the S phase

c)

cell cycle check points are not in place

d)

transformation introduces new chromosomes to cells

40.

According to the feedback loop, what does high blood sugar promote?

a)

Insulin Release

b)

Glucagon Release

c)

Insulin Uptake

d)

Glycogen Uptake

41.

A feedback loop best fits which characteristic of life?

a)

Cells

b)

Organization

c)

Homeostasis

d)

Adaptation

42.
When you get cut, your skin cells release hormones that signal platelets to come and stop the bleeding. Platelets then release more hormones that signal even more platelets to help stop bleeding. The hormone signals continue until the cut is closed.
a)
Positive Feedback Response
b)
Negative Feedback Loop 
43.
As you get dehydrated, your blood becomes thicker and harder to pump. Your kidneys will respond by stopping urine production, sending the water from urine into your bloodstream to thin your blood back to normal level.
a)
Positive Feedback Response
b)
Negative Feedback Loop 
44.

What is the difference between what will happen if their is too much Glucose or too little Glucose? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

a)

With too much Glucose, Insulin is released. With too little Glucose, Glucagon is released.

b)

With too much Glucose, the pancreas produces insulin. With too little Glucose, the pancreas produces glucagon.

c)

With too much Glucose, Glucagon is released. With too little Glucose, Insulin is released.

d)

There is no difference.

45.
The two types of feedback systems that help organisms maintain homeostasis are:
a)
positive and negative 
b)
receptor and effector
c)
static and dynamic
d)
minor and major
46.
Maintaining body temperature is an example of a:
a)
negative feedback loop
b)
positive feedback loop
47.
Humans have ___ for body temperature, blood glucose concentrations, electrolyte concentrations, pH levels, tendon tension and variables.
a)
positive feedback mechanisms
b)
set points
c)
a wide internal range
d)
no regulation
48.
The "cause" for something to happen is the
a)
response
b)
effect
c)
stimulus
d)
homeostasis
49.
The "effect" of a given stimulus is the...
a)
response
b)
stimulus
c)
cause
d)
result
50.
When glucose levels in the blood rise, your brain sends a signal to your pancreas. The pancreas releases insulin, which opens channels in cell membranes to allow glucose to enter the cell, lowering blood sugar levels. 
a)
Positive Feedback Response
b)
Negative Feedback Loop 
51.
What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?
a)
S phase
b)
G1 phase
c)
Mitosis
d)
Interphase
52.
Which would happen if a cell undergoes mitosis, but not cytokinesis?
a)
the cell would have two nuclei
b)
the cell would not have a nucleus
c)
the cell would have a small nucleus
d)
the cell would have one large nucleus
53.

Match the following descriptions to the appropriate stage of the cell cycle:

a)

growth of cell organelles

1.

G1

b)

DNA replication

2.

S phase

c)

synthesis of structures for cell division

3.

G2

d)

division of the nucleus/chromatids

4.

mitosis

e)

division of the cytoplasm

5.

cytokinesis

54.

A protein called Sonic Hedgehog plays a key role in vertebrate embryonic development. When this protein is released by secretory cells, it travels through the extracellular fluid and signals adjacent cells to go through the process of cell differentiation (process of cells becoming specialized). Sonic hedgehog is thought to be especially important for the development of the brain and limbs. What type of signaling is this an example of?

a)

Synaptic Signaling (Local)

b)

Paracrine Signaling (Local)

c)

Endocrine Signaling (Long Distance)

55.

Adjacent plant cells have narrow channels called plasmodesmata that pass through the cell walls of the connected cells and allow a cytoplasmic connection between the cells.

Which of the following statements best describes a primary function of plasmodesmata?

a)

They allow the movement of molecules from one cell to another, enabling communication between cells.

b)

They prevent the cell membrane from pulling away from the cell wall during periods of drought.

c)

They eliminate the need to produce signaling molecules and eliminate the need for cells to have receptors for signaling molecules.

d)

They increase the surface area available for attachment of ribosomes and thus increase protein synthesis.

56.

Which of the following correctly matches the molecule with its normal function in a signal transduction pathway?

a)

Adenylyl cylase: converts cAMP into ATP

b)

Protein kinase: transports phosphate groups in and out of the cell

c)

Protein phosphatase: dephosphorylates (removes phosphate groups from) proteins

d)

cAMP: acts as a second messenger to activate G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

57.

Cyclin dependent kinases are activated by their associated cyclin proteins. At the G1 checkpoint, activated CDKs signal the cell to continue on to DNA Synthesis (S phase). p53 is a protein that acts as a CDK inhibitor, blocking the action of CDK and preventing cells from continuing on to the S phase if their DNA is damaged. If a cell acquires a mutation which inactivates p53, how will it likely affect the cell cycle?

a)

Cells with DNA damage will move through the cell cycle more slowly resulting in slower wound healing

b)

Cells with damaged DNA will progress through the cell cycle, resulting in the potential development of a cancerous tumor

c)

Cells with damaged DNA will no longer be able to divide and will be sent to the G0 phase

d)

Another protein will take over the role of p53 and the cell cycle will proceed normally

58.

Which of the following is NOT a response by the cell from a signal transduction pathway?

a)

cell growth

b)

gene expression

c)

secretion of molecules

d)

all of the above are responses

59.

Which of the following is the stage where the cell no longer divides?

a)

G0

b)

G1

c)

G2

d)

S

60.

Describe the interaction between cyclin and CdK.

a)

cyclin interacts with CdK to initiate the mitotic phase

b)

cyclin is the precursor to CdK, when synthesized allow for mitosis proceed

c)

cyclin acts as an inhibitor to CdK to wait for all DNA to be synthesized

d)

cyclin binds to CdK to initiate DNA replication

61.

If a medicine works by blocking a secondary messenger, what effect would it have on that cell signaling pathway?

a)

It would increase the response if the pathway

b)

It would trigger the release of more ligands

c)

It would activate the transcription of a desired gene

d)

It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response

62.

What would happen is protein phosphatases were defective?

a)

Cancerous cells would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle will shut down.

b)

Gametes would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle cannot shut down.

c)

Gametes would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle will shut down.

d)

Cancerous cells would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle cannot shut down.

63.

What occurs in mitosis?

a)

The cell is growing

b)

The cell is divided

c)

Nucleus is divided

64.

Which phase do the chromosome pull apart?

a)

Prophase

b)

Metaphase

c)

Anaphase

d)

Telophase

65.

What does the cell cycle allow an organism to do?

a)

Grow, Develop, and Repair

b)

Grow, Mutate, and Evolve

c)

Evolve. Develop, and Grow

d)

Develop, Repair and Evolve

66.

Which cell cycle checkpoint makes sure that chromosomes are duplicated and checks for damage of the replicated DNA?

a)

G1 checkpoint

b)

S checkpoint

c)

G2 checkpoint

d)

M checkpoint

67.

Which cell cycle checkpoint verifies cell size and checks the DNA for damage?

a)

G1 checkpoint

b)

S checkpoint

c)

G2 checkpoint

d)

M checkpoint

68.

Which cell cycle checkpoint makes sure that the chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle fibers?

a)

G1 checkpoint

b)

S checkpoint

c)

G2 checkpoint

d)

M checkpoint

69.

If the S-phase was eliminated from the cell cycle, the daughter cell would

a)

have half the genetic material found in the parental cell

b)

be genetically identical

c)

be genetically identical to the parent cell

d)

synthesize the missing genetic material on their own

70.

When cells get too crowded they will stop reproducing, this is called______

a)

Density independent inhibition of growth

b)

Density dependent inhibition of growth

c)

Contact inhibition

d)

Density and contact inhibition

71.

Which of the following is NOT a somatic cell?

a)

sperm

b)

skin cell

c)

blood cell

d)

bone cell

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