WorksheetsMetabolism and nutrition
Total questions: 84
Worksheet time: 43mins
Identify the correct term:
A breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules releasing energy contained in chemical bonds.
Anabolic reaction
CO2 respiration
Catabolic reaction
Photosynthesis
What is ATP made up of?
Adenine
3 phosphate groups
Amino acids
A ribose sugar
What is the most common sense of energy to fuel the body?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Sugars
Proteins
Identify the correct term:
The process that combines monosaccharides (simple sugars) to form polysaccharides (complex sugars), fatty acids to triglycerides, amino acids to form proteins, and nucleotides to form nucleic acids.
Catabolic reaction
Facilitated diffusion
Anabolic reactions
ATP reaction
Identify the correct catabolic hormone:
Released from the adrenal gland in response to stress; its main role is to increase blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis (breaking down fats and proteins).
Antidiuretic hormone
Cortisol
Glucagon
Oxytocin
Identify the correct catabolic hormone:
Released from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy.
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Glucagon
Insulin
Renin
Identify the correct catabolic hormone:
Released in response to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Luteinizing hormone
ADH
Cortisol
Adrenaline
Epinephrine
Identify the correct anabolic hormone:
Synthesized and released from the pituitary gland; stimulates the growth of cells, tissues, and bones.
Growth hormone (GH)
Insulin
Testosterone
Estrogen
Identify the correct anabolic hormone:
Stimulates the growth of muscle and bone while also inhibiting cell death (apoptosis).
ADH
Oxytocin
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Glucagon
Identify the correct anabolic hormone:
Produced by the beta cells of the pancreas; plays an essential role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, controls blood glucose levels and promotes the uptake of glucose into body cells.
Estrogen
Insulin
Glucagon
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Identify the correct anabolic hormone:
Produced by the testes in males and the ovaries in females; stimulates an increase in muscle mass and strength as well as the growth and strengthening of bone.
Estrogen
Testosterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Identify the correct anabolic hormone:
Produced primarily by the ovaries, it is also produced by the liver and adrenal glands; its anabolic functions include increasing metabolism and fat deposition.
ADH
Testosterone
Estrogen
Cortisol
What causes Cushing's syndrome?
Excessive production of ADH
Excessive production of cortisol
Low production of cortisol
Low production of ADH
True or false:
Medications exist that can help regulate amounts of cortisol.
(a)
What causes Addison's disease?
Insufficient cortisol production
Excessive cortisol production
Excessive oxytocin production
Insufficient Estrogen production
True or false:
Addison's disease is treated by cortisol replacement therapy.
(a)
True or false:
Carbohydrates are broken down into lipids during digestion.
(a)
Identify the correct term:
Cells in the body take up the circulating glucose in response to insulin, and through a series of reactions. Some of the ADP energy in glucose is used to form ATP.
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
Active transport
True or false:
The last step in glycolysis produces the product pyruvate.
(a)
Glycolysis can be divided into 2 phases, what are they?
Energy consuming phase (AKA chemical priming)
ADP phase
Energy yielding phase
ATP phase
Which is not a characteristic of anaerobic respiration?
Occurs when oxygen is limited or absent
Takes pyruvate and converts it to lactic acid
Occurs when oxygen is abundant
Occurs in most cells of the body
True or false:
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen.
(a)
True or false:
The Krebs cycle is AKA the citric acid cycle.
(a)
Identify the correct process of the cellular respiration chain:
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane by a series of enzymatic reactions.
Cardiac conduction cycle
Electron transport chain
Krebs cycle
Amino acid chain
Identify the correct term:
The production of new glucose molecules from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or the amino acids alanine or glutamine in the liver during periods of low glucose under conditions of fasting, starvation, and low carbohydrate diets.
Passive transport
Gluconeogenesis
Insulin production
Krebs cycle
True or false:
When blood glucose concentration drops below a certain point, new glucose is synthesized by the liver to raise the blood concentration to normal.
(a)
True or false:
Fats AKA triglycerides are ingested or made.
(a)
Lipid metabolism is similar to carbohydrate metabolism in what way?
All of these
The products of glucose can be converted into lipids
Lipids and carbs come from the same group
They both take the same amount of time
Identify the correct term:
The oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or make new lipids.
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Trigylceride metabolism
Identify the correct term:
Takes place in the cytoplasm and occurs in order to obtain energy from fat.
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Lipolysis
Active transport
Triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their 2 principal components, what are they?
Fatty acids and glycerol
Vitamins and minerals
Carbs and lipids
Proteins and minerals
True or false:
When glucose levels are low, triglycerides can be converted into acetyl CoA molecules and used to generate ATP through aerobic respiration.
(a)
Identify the correct term:
If excessive acetyl CoA is created from the oxidation of fatty acids and the Krebs cycle is overloaded and cannot handle it, the acetyl CoA is diverted to create ketone bodies.
The resting phase
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Ketogenesis
True or false:
Ketones serve as fuel in times of prolonged starvation or when patients suffer from uncontrolled diabetes and cannot utilize most of the circulating glucose.
(a)
True or false:
-The brain can use ketone bodies as an alternative energy source to glucose.
-This keeps the brain functioning if glucose is limited.
(a)
True or false:
When ketones are produced faster than they can be used, they can be broken down into CO2 and acetone.
(a)
What is a symptom of ketogenesis?
A sweet-smelling breath similar to alcohol
Extensive hair loss
Fingernail brittleness
Facial drooping on one side of the face
True or false:
Proteins can be stored by the body for later use.
(a)
True or false:
Although the body can synthesize proteins from amino acids, food is an important source of those amino acids, especially because humans cannot synthesize all of the 20 amino acids used to build proteins.
(a)
True or false:
In order to avoid breaking down the proteins that make up the pancreas and small intestine, pancreatic enzymes are released as inactive proenzymes that are only activated in the small intestine.
(a)
Identify the correct term:
A set of biochemical reactions that produces urea from ammonium ions to prevent a toxic level of ammonium in the body.
Passive diffusion
The urea cycle
The bile cycle
The bilirubin cycle
Where does the urea cycle primarily occur?
The liver
The stomach
The ureters
The Anus
True or false:
Prior to the urea cycle, ammonium ions are produced from the breakdown of amino acids.
(a)
True or false:
Amino acids can also be used as a source of energy, especially in times of starvation.
(a)
What is the enzyme that converts pyruvate into acetyl coA, the molecule necessary to begin the Krebs cycle to produce ATP.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Lactic acids
Cytokines
Islet enzymes
True or false:
With low levels of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), the rate of cycling through the Krebs cycle is dramatically reduced.
(a)
What is caused by a PDC deficiency?
Developmental defects
Muscle spasms
Death
Jaundice
What are some treatments for a PDC deficiency?
Diet modification
Vitamin supplementation
Gene therapy
Bone marrow transplant
About how many birth does phenylketonuria (PKU), affect in the United states?
3 in every 100,000
1 in every 30,000
2 in every 20,000
1 in every 15,000
True or false:
People afflicted with PKU lack sufficient activity of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase and are therefore unable to break down phenylalanine into tyrosine adequately.
(a)
What are some symptoms of PKU?
Delayed neurological development
Hyperactivity and uncontrolled movements of the arms/legs
Mental retardation
Seizures and tremors
Skin rash
True or false:
Every infant in the United States and Canada is tested at birth to determine whether PKU is present.
(a)
Where is phenylalanine most found in high concentrations?
Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame
Vegetables
Fruits
Nuts
What are the metabolic states of the body?
1) Starvation
2) The postabsorptive state
3)The absorptive state
1) The absorptive state
2) The postabsorptive state
3) Starvation
1) The postabsorptive state
2) Starvation
3) The absorptive state
1) Starvation
2)The absorptive state
3) The postabsorptive state
Identify the correct term:
AKA the fed state, occurs after a meal when the body is digesting food and absorbing nutrients (anabolism exceeds catabolism).
The relaxation state
The absorptive state
Starvation
The postabsorptive state
True or false:
Digestion begins the moment you put food into your mouth, as the food is broken down into its constituent parts to be absorbed through the intestine.
(a)
True or false:
The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth, whereas the digestion of proteins and fats begins in the stomach and small intestine.
(a)
Identify the correct term:
AKA the fasting state, occurs when food has been digested, absorbed, and stored.
The postabsorptive state
Starvation
The absorptive state
The digestion state
True or false:
During the postabsorptive state, the body must rely initially on stored glycogen. Glucose levels in the blood begin to drop as it is absorbed and used by the cells.
(a)
True or false:
In response to the decrease in glucose, insulin levels rise.
(a)
Identify the correct term:
When the body is deprived of nourishment for an extended period of time.
The absorptive state
Starvation
The postabsorptive state
The full state
What is the first priority for survival?
The conservation of amino acids for proteins
To provide enough glucose or fuel for the brain
To maintain H2O levels
The conservation of lipids
What is the second priority for survival?
To produce carbs
To provide enough glucose or fuel for the brain
The conservation of amino acids for proteins
To regulate the CO2 levels of the body
True or false:
Because glucose levels are very low during starvation, glycolysis will shut off in cells that can use alternative fuels.
(a)
Identify the correct term:
Regulates body temperature.
The temperature cycle
Thermoregulation
Homeostasis
Cyanosis
The core temperature of the body remains steady at around what temperature?
36.5 - 37.5 C
or 97.7 - 99.5 F
100.2 F
100 F
94 F
What part of the brain is the "master switch" that works as a thermostat to regulate the body's core temperature?
The cerebellum
The hypothalamus
The pineal gland
The pituitary gland
What are the mechanisms of heat gas exchange?
1) Conduction
2) Convection
3) Radiation
4) Evaporation
1) Evaporation
2) Radiation
3) Convection
4) Conduction
1) Radiation
2) Evaporation
3) Conduction
4) Convection
1) Convection
2) Evaporation
3) Conduction
4) Radiation
Identify the correct term:
The amount of energy consumed minus the amount of energy expanded in the body.
Weight
Mass
Metabolic rate
Body mass index
True or false:
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) describes the amount of daily energy expended by humans at rest, in a neutrally temperate environment, while in the postabsorptive state.
(a)
True or false:
About 70% of all daily energy expenditure comes from the basic functions of the organs in the body, 20% comes from physical activity, and 10% is for body thermoregulation or temperature control.
(a)
True or false:
The amount of energy that is needed or ingested per day is measured in Kilograms.
(a)
On average, how many calories does a person need per day to sustain (carry out) daily activities?
2500-3500
1500-2000
2000-3000
1800-2500
True or false:
The type of food ingested also affects the body's metabolic rate.
(a)
True or false:
The rate of obesity has been steadily declining since the 1980s.
(a)
True or false:
In the 1990s, most states reported that less than 10% of their population was obese, and the state with the highest rate reported that only 15% of their population was considered obese.
(a)
True or false:
By 2010, the U.S. CDC reported that nearly 36% of adults over 20 years old were obese and an additiona33% were overweight, leaving only about 30% of the population at a healthy weight.
(a)
True or false:
Studies find that the highest levels of obesity are concentrated in the southern states.
(a)
Identify the correct term:
Organic compounds found in foods that are a necessary part of the biochemical reactions in the body.
Water
Phosphates
Minerals
Vitamins
True or false:
B vitamins play the largest role of any vitamins in metabolism.
(a)
Identify the correct term:
Inorganic compounds that work with other nutrients to ensure the body functions properly.
Vitamins
Minerals
Calcium
Phosphates
True or false:
Minerals are made by the body.
(a)
True or false:
The amount of minerals in the body is small—only 4% of the total body mass—and most of that consists of the minerals that the body requires in moderate quantities.
(a)
What are the most common minerals in the body?
Folic acid
Calcium
Iron
Phosphorus
