Domestication of plants and animals began in Central America and the process diffused to other areas through the early explorers.

Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.

Domestication of plants and animals began in Southeast Asia and the process diffused to other areas as nomadic warriors conquered other cultural groups and carried the new seeds and animals with them.

Domestication of plants and animals began in the Fertile Crescent and the process diffused as pastoral nomads migrated to other areas.

Composted manure has introduced valuable nutrients into previously depleted soils.

Concentrating large numbers of farm animals in small spaces has decreased the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies.

Feed grains have eliminated potentially harmful invasive plant species from farmland.

Farmers in developing countries who are unable to gain access to global food markets to sell their goods protest, leading to global unrest.

Agricultural production with a focus on monocropping cash crops creates more vulnerability in a country’s exports if consumer preferences shift to a different commodity.

The shift from subsistence farming to value-added agriculture by small farmers in developed countries causes a drop in profits for global agribusiness corporations.

Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.

Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.

The Green Revolution was not successful in China because the strain of rice produced was prone to widespread crop failures, and China dropped out of the program.

Persistent famine has occurred in India since new technologies associated with the Green Revolution were implemented because only the wealthy could afford the increased cost of the improved strains of rice.

The increased yield of the Green Revolution in sub-Saharan Africa decreased the incidence of famine, but the program was unsuccessful in India because of poor soil quality.

Little available land for pasture farming has resulted in more concentrated agribusiness operations.

Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.

More interest in genetically modified foods has led to an increase in agribusiness farms, which have greater access to advanced technology.

A decrease in the consumption of meat has resulted in less demand for cattle, which are mainly raised on family farms.

Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture that is declining because of an insufficient supply of open land, whereas poultry production continues to be practiced on small areas of land.

Sheep production is an example of intensive agriculture requiring large amounts of fertilizer, whereas poultry production is an example of extensive agriculture practiced mainly in more developed countries

Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.

Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of intensive agriculture practiced on small areas of land but requiring different amounts of labor and capital.

Navigational technology allowed ships to travel more efficiently, enabling safe transport of plants and animals to new destinations.

The plants and animals diffused only a short distance away from their point of domestication.

Navigational technology allowed ships to travel more efficiently, enabling safe transport of plants and animals to new destinations.

The plants and animals diffused to regions with variation in the climates between the hearth and the new region.

The long-lot survey system created less efficient irrigation systems, while the township-and-range system created a grid system for efficient water flow.

The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.

The long-lot survey system created a more uniform division of land, while the township-and-range survey system conformed to physical features on the landscape.

The township-and-range survey system was more varied in plot size, while the size of plots in the long-lot system was set at 50 acres.

The adaptation of newly introduced crops such as potatoes and corn from the New World, which were planted and harvested using the technology shown in the images, made European farms more productive, which led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

Genetically modified crops and ever-increasing levels of mechanization, as shown in the images, drove productivity up and made hunger a thing of the past.

Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

The Second Agricultural Revolution is ongoing, as engineers continue to improve agricultural machinery and scientists search for crops adapted to the drier, warmer climates predicted for the coming decades.

The spatial organization of agriculture has changed because of an increase in the number of farms as farmers join local commodity chains that regulate supply and demand for agricultural products and large profits can be realized.

The spatial organization of agriculture has remained stable, but farm productivity has increased through technological innovations that are available to farmers through membership in local commodity chains.

Farms are increasing in size, but there is little change in the spatial organization of agriculture because of the instability of regional cooperatives and associated commodity chains that cannot meet the demand for new products desired by consumers.

Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products.

The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.

The ring closest to the market, because livestock are perishable goods and need to reach the market quickly.

The ring closest to the market, because the land is more fertile for growing feed for livestock compared to other areas.

The second ring, because livestock are heavy and more expensive to transport to market.

Beef cattle are raised close to the market because meat spoils quickly.

Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain.

Grain is grown close to the market because it is bulky to transport.

Firewood is harvested far from the market because the best agricultural land is closer to the market.

Land value increases as one moves away from the market town because rural land is more valuable to farmers.

Forested areas are the highest land value since they are often preserved for parks and natural activities.

Grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses.

Market gardening materials require heavier applications of chemicals to produce greater profits, which reduces the land value near the market town.

These regions are composed of more-developed countries with large urban populations.

These regions are in the Southern Hemisphere, in temperate climate zones.

These regions are near the equator, in climate zones with high temperatures.

These regions are composed of less-developed countries with large rural populations

In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival.

In rural agricultural regions, women control the political and social lives of the community and consider farming as their primary role.

Women own or rent much of the land cultivated for plantation crops such as cacao, coffee, or tea.

In the shifting cultivation found in rain forest regions, women do the work of claiming land and clearing the forest of trees.

Medical research, higher education

retail, restaurants

Farming, mining, fishing, forestry

factories

eggs and milk

cattle

Grapes, coffee, oranges

Grapes, Olives, Citrus

Coffee, sugar, and chocolate

Grapes, coffee, eggs

Chocolate, sugar, olives

tomatoes and dairy

Dr. John Snow

Thomas Malthus

Norman Borlaug

Derwent Whittlesey

Food Desserts

Metes & Bounds

Politics

Food Deserts