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Worksheetscognition final
Total questions: 162
Worksheet time: 1hrs 22mins
which is not a tool to get information into LTM?
encoding
retrieval
maintenance rehearsal
elaborative rhythm
encoding for LTM is the process of
transforming memory into information
acquiring information and transforming it into memory
transferring information from LTM to working memory
using meanings and connections to help transfer information
retrieval is used to
acquire information
repetition of information
the transfer of information to working memory
the transfer of information to sensory memory
which is not a form of rehearsal for LTM
maintenance
elaborative
shallow
deep
maintenance rehearsal is ___
the repetition of stimuli that transfers to LTM
the repetition of stimuli that transfers to STM
the repetition of stimuli that do not transfer to LTM
the repetition of stimuli that does not transfer to STM
elaborative rehearsal is ___
the use of meaning to transfer info to LTM
the use of meaning to transfer info to STM
the use of images to transfer meaning
the use of sounds to transfer info to LTM
when shallow processing, ___ attention is given to meaning, and ___ memory is associated with the information
little; poor
close; better
undivided; strong
high; better
Craik and Lockhart proposed the levels of processing theory which states
that memory depends on the depth of processing
that memory depends on the location in which it resides in the brain
that memory is easily influenced by suggestions and other messages
that memory is easy to be forgetten after injury
the Craik and Tulving study found that ___ was the best process to form the deepest memories
visual imagery
self-reference
related to survival
fill in the blanks
in the Bower and Winenz study, between repetition and imagery, they found ___
that the repetition group had better memory
that the imagery group had better memory
that both groups had equal memory
what is NOT a form to aid encoding into long term memory
visual imagery
retrieval practice
generation effect
selflessness effect
Bransford and Johnson's study highlighted that difficult-to-comprehend information is best remembered through
seeing an image before reading the passage
seeing an image after reading the passage
not seeing an image
the Karpicke and Roediger study highlights that
repeated studying and tests enhance memory
repeated studying and tests do not enhance memory
only studying information that you did not remember
which is NOT a factor to aid encoding information?
grouping
trees
adding meaningfulness
fill-in-the-blank
what is the major reason why we might forget something?
we cannot store information in memory
we cannot retrieve information from memory
we cannot retrieve information from our senses
we cannot store information from our senses
the mantyla study highlights that creating your own retrieval cues is ___ than using someone else's retrieval cues
better
worse
the same
this study did not review this topic
baddeley study on studying and taking a test in the same setting showcased the phenomenon of ___
encoding specificity
decoding specificity
knowledge acquisition
state dependent learning
encoding specificity is an example of connecting ___ to ___
context; memory
memory; storage
context; information
retrieval; memory
the state dependent learning phenomenon showcases that
current emotions and state of being can help retrieve memories
ideas can help retrieve memories
storing information with meaning can help retrieve memories
the state of the nation can influence how well you store a memory
the eich and metgalfe study on mood highlights that
mood during studying and writing the test was associated with higher scores
mood and writing did not influence a person's performance in class
studying and mood is influential in how we store memory
the morris and al study on matching the cognitive task showcases the phenomemon of
transfer appropriate processing
encoding specificity
state-dependent learning
cued recall
what is NOT consolidation?
transforming new memories from a fragile state to a permanent state
rapid and occurs at synaptic levels
gradual and is the reorganization of neural systems
quick and reacts to changes in the environment
what is a difference between synaptic and structural consolidation?
the scale of the changes
the type of information that gets encoded
the type of sensation that is stored
the type of memory that is retrieved
the Muller and Pilzecker study shows that consolidation occurs ____
rapidly
whenever there is a break
consolidation never occurs
consolidation can only occur if there is room in the rehearsal part of working memory
what is NOT an influence in retrieving information?
state of being
cognitive state
location
meta memory
what did Hebb highlight in his study on synaptic consolidation?
long-term potentiation
short-term potentiation
memory retrieval
memory model on long-term analysis
what does long-term potentiation state?
through more experience, the connections between neurons strengthen
experience negatively influences our ability to retain information
connections between neurons tends to degrade as time passes with more experiences
how is the multiple trace model different from the model of consolidation?
the hippocampus retains its connections with cortical regions
the connections between the brain flips the ability to remember the information
the cortical regions of the brain immediately remove the memory once it is remembered in the hippocampus
which is NOT a technique to consolidate information?
sleep
synaptic/system
multiple trace
deviation model
repeating information over and over is an example of
maintenance rehearsal
elaborative rehearsal
deep processing
shallow processing
by making connections with the meaning of information, you are performing
maintenance rehearsal
elaborative rehearsal
deep processing
shallow processing
the levels of processing theory was developed by
freud
fregus craik
robert lockhart
david winzenz
the levels of processing theory relates ___ to ___
encoding; retrieval
retrieval; encoding
consolidation; encoding
retrieval; consolidation
what is not a characteristic of shallow processing
connecting the meaning of information to other means of information
taking the information for face value
listening for the physical structure of the information
repeating the information over and over again
what form of processing was found to be the best in Craik and Tulving's experiment?
capital letters
rhyming words together
filling in the blanks
creating an image of the information
paired-associate learning is related to ___
forming visual images
linking words to yourself
relating to survival values
generating your own information
relating memory to yourself is an example of ____
the self-reference effect
the self-realization effect
the generation effect
retrieval cues
testing your memory is related to the ___
retrieval practice effect
spacing effect
generate and test effect
organizational encoding effect
uses retrieval cues to help recall information
cued recall
free recall
target recall
option recall
the tulving and pearlstone experiment on retrieval cues showed the efficacy of ___
cued recall
free recall
target recall
option recall
studying and taking the test in the same seat is an example of ___
encoding specificity
retrieval specificity
optional specificity
long-term specificity
godden and baddeley's experiment with underwater testing found that ___ was more effective in retrieving the memory
studying in the same setting
studying in a different setting
studying with music
studying with images
the influence of your internal state/feelings when studying and retrieving information is known as ___
state-dependent learning
empirical learning
conditional learning
information absorption
studying with a multiple choice test for a multiple choice test is an example of ___
transfer-appropriate processing
encoding specificity
retrieval specificity
psychoanalysis
baddeley's diving experiment showcases that recall is best when ___
under pressure
when encoding and retrieval occur in the same place
when encoding and retrieval occur in different places
when encoding and retrieval occur in the same internal state
the role of consolidation is to transform ___ memories to ___ memories
fragile; permanent
permanent; fragile
shallow; deep
segmented; whole
the timescale for synaptic consolidation is about in the realm of
minutes to hours
seconds to minutes
hours to day
day to weeks
the gradual reorganization of neural circuits within the brain is an example of ___
systems consolidation
synaptic consolidation
neuron-level consolidation
prefrontal consolidation
what is not true regarding the consolidation of memories?
synaptic and systems consolidation occur as a two stage process
synaptic consolidation occurs at a faster speed than systems consolidation
systems consolidation restructures the organization of the brain
synaptic consolidation does not change the system-level organization of the brain
in relation to consolidation, a delay between sets of information is thought to ___ recall
increase
decrease
what is an outcome from long-term potentiation?
synaptic consolidation
structural consolidation
the loss of memory for events that happened before the injury is known as ___
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
synesthesia
prolonged amnesia
what is not true regarding the multiple trace model of consolidation
theorizes that the hippocampus communicates with the cortical areas in the early stages
after consolidation, the hippocampus does not communicate with the cortical areas
before consolidation, the hippocampus does not interact with the cortical areas
the connection between the cortical and hippocampal areas strengthen
sleeping after consolidating information is effect because
it reduces the number of distractions after
it decreases your time of spaced repetition
it increases your working-memory
it weakens the consolidation between hippocampal and cortical regions
when you are required to make choices between different options, you are making a
decision
reasoning
using a heuristic
clarifying a bias
what is not an influence on the strength of an argument?
the representativeness of observations
the number of observations
the quality of observations
the clarity of the observations
making a prediction about what will happen based on an observation from the past is an example of ___
inductive reasoning
deductive reasoning
influential biases
heuristic clarification
what is a drawback from using heuristics?
they are not foolproof
they reduce the amount of brain power to make a decision
they utilize the available information in front of us
they consider how information is represented to make a decision
we tend to increase the probability of an event if they are remembered more easily, this is known as ___
the availability heuristic
the myside heuristic
the representativeness heuristic
the illusory correlation
which is not a type of heuristic?
illusory correlations
stereotypes
availability heuristic
representativeness bias
base rate information is important information to adjust for __
the representativeness heuristic
the availability heuristic
the myside bias
the illusory correlation
what heuristic rule is related to the probability of a smaller event nested within a larger event
conjunction rule
the myside bias
the interpretative heuristic
the law of large numbers heuristic
the study by Lord and coworkers found that reading an article that agrees with your opinion, increases ___
myside bias
stereotyping
illusory correlations
confirmation bias
prediction is to inductive reasoning, as logic is to
deductive reasoning
confirmation bias
avoiding heuristics
artificial intelligence
what is not a component of a syllogism?
premise 1
premise 2
conclusion
abstract statement
validity in a syllogism is related to ___
the logic of the premises and conditions
the truth of the premises and the conditions
the combination of the premises and the arguments
the independent premises
"all A are B; all B are C; all A are C" is an example of a ___
categorical syllogism
deductive syllogism
conditional syllogism
myside syllogism
what is not true regarding syllogisms
a syllogism can only be truth if it is not valid
a syllogism can be both true and valid
a syllogism can be both not true and not valid
a syllogism can only be true if the conclusion is true
belief bias is ___
thinking a syllogism is valid given its conclusions
thinking a syllogism is true given its premises
thinking a syllogism is not true given its conclusion
thinking a syllogism is not valid given its conclusions
what is not a step in using a mental model to determine the validity of a syllogism?
creating a model of the situation
generating a tentative conclusion of the model
looking for cases that confirm the syllogism
determining the validity of the syllogism
the modus ponens is a conditional syllogism that is ___
valid
not valid
not true
true
in the wason four-card problem, what is important to do when determining the validity of the syllogism?
falsify the syllogism
confirming the syllogism
determining the truth of the conditional statement
determining the validity of the conditional statement
to properly test a syllogism, it is important to follow the ___
confirmation principle
myside-bias correction
falsification principle
keep the syllogism in abstract terms
using relatable and concrete examples for a conditional syllogism and setting observable rules is an example of
permission schema
dependency effect
concrete correction
correlation adjustment
in the cosmides and tooby study on the wason test, they found that ___ allowed for easier identification of invalid or valid syllogisms
permissions and regulations
logic and reasoning
abstract and visual ideas
emotion and interpretive ideas
the belief that all people are rationale and that they will make the rationale decision when they have all the relevant information is known as the ___
expected utility theory
rationale-perception theory
invalid-identification theory
unstructured belief correction
what is not a decision based on utility?
picking the choice with the maximum payout
picking the meal with the highest nutritional value
picking the cheapest flight to save money
picking the preferred program based on interest
which is not a problem associated with the utility theory
people find value in different things
people may not be able to identify the most maximal option
people can determine the best choice, given their options
the denes-raj study on selecting a red jelly bean from a bowl is an example of ___
utility theory
probability theory
bias correction theory
representativeness heuristic
the fault of emotions in decisions is that we tend to ___-evaluate how we might feel after a decision
over
under
what is not true regarding incidental emotions
these emotions are not specifically related to decision making
these emotions are dependent on personality
these emotions can be influenced by a recent experience
these emotions are dependent on the logic and reasoning skills we hold
the opt-in procedure produces higher rates of participants, which is related to ___
the status quo bias
the risk-aversive bias
the myside bias
the representativeness bias
the status-quo bias is related to ___
doing nothing when faced with a decision
evaluating the decisions through utility
identifying the validity of a conclusion
falsifying the arguments in a conditional syllogism
your choice to avoid losing $5 over winning $10 is an example of
a risk-aversion strategy
a risk-taking strategy
a risk-inspection strategy
a monetary-dependence strategy
your tendency to take a risk-taking strategy when the situation is explained in terms of losses is an example of ___
the framing effect
the myside-bias correction
the representativeness bias
the risk-aversion effect
what is not a characteristic of system 1 in kahneman's two mental system
fast
unconscious
conscious
intuitive
what is not true regarding the dual systems approach to thinking proposed by kahneman
much of our day is governed by system 2; the slow and conscious system
system 2 is a slow and controlled system
system 1 is an automatic and intuitive system
the two mental system approach considers a fast and slow system
the sanfey and coworkers study of the physiology of thinking indicated that the ___ is the system that is related to emotional states in decision making
the right anterior insula
the left posteriod insula
the hippocampus
the prefrontal cortex
the metcalfe and wiebe study on insight in problem solving is an example of
restructuring
insight
non-insight
cognition
the metcalfe and wiebe study on insight on problem solving found that people in non-insight problems ___ felt like they were solving the problem
gradually
suddenly
indefinitely
did not
the restriction of an object to its familiar function is known as ___
functional fixedness
functionality constraints
non-insight problem solving
cognitive restriction
maier's twos-string problem showcased the ___ effect
functional fixedness
restructuring effect
mental set
the operational effect
taking a break from the problem is an example of creativity and the ___ effect
incubation
elaboration
focused-attention
mental set
the mayseless et al study on creativity found that originality in ideas was associated with higher ___ activation
default mode network
prefrontal cortex
hippocampal and cortical connection
in creativity, which networks of the brain that exist for opposite functions, work together?
the default mode network and the executive control network
the default mode and hippocampal network
the executive control network and the prefrontal cortex
the subcortical regions and the prefrontal cortex
what is not a habit that creative people tend to do?
daydream
work in solitude
practice mindfulness
work in groups
what is not a stage in creative thinking?
solution implementation
problem generation
problem solving
problem identification
the smith et al experiment on creativity and monster drawing found that participants shown an example tended to ___
create an original monster
create a similar monster
in the chi and snyder study on "thinking-outside-the-box" problems, they found that deactivation of the ___ resulted in better creative solutions
the left anterior temporal lobe
the right posterior temporal lobe
the parahippocampal region
the prefrontal parietal region
what is not true regarding mental sets and problem solving?
based on a preconceived notion of how to approach a problem
based on past experiences with similar problems
restrict our ability to think outside the box
allows for original ideas to form during the creative process
in the information processing approach, what is not a space that is considered in the problem space?
initial state
intermediate state
goal state
preliminary state
the tower of hanoi problem is an example of what approach to problem solving?
information-processing approach
gestalt processing approach
emotional processing approach
independent-processing approach
the mutilated checkerboard problem highlights that ___ is key to solve problems faster
representation of the problem
reasoning in the problem
logic in the person
insight of the solution
what is not a useful approach to solving problems?
analogical encoding
in vivo problem solving-approach
think-aloud protocol
abstract-processing
what is not a drawback of being an expert when problem solving?
more time is taken to reach a solution
they cannot apply their knowledge to other fields
constrained mental set
have a clear organization of the concepts for a problem
what part of the brain is activiated in the multiple trace model of consolidation?
hippocampus
occipital lobe
cerebellum
parietal lobe
what is not a benefit of using categories to understand objects?
they reduce the time it takes to understand the object
they reduce the time it takes to identify differences in an item
it restricts our understanding of the object
the definitional approach to categorization is based on whether an object meets the ___ of the category
definition
identity
characteristics
features
the prototype approach to categorization is based on the ___ of the typical member of the category
average
median
mode
mean
a category member that closely resembles the category prototype is known to have ___
high prototypicality
low prototypicality
medium prototypicality
upper prototypicality
what is a concept related to prototypicality categorizing members?
family resemblance
definitive relationship
indefinite relationship
uni-definite relationship
in relation to cognition, objects of higher prototypicality can be judged more ___
slowly
rapidly
indefinitely
through a series of steps
the smith's sentence verification experiment showed that objects with ___ prototypicality are processed ___
low; faster
low; slower
high; faster
high; slower
based on the rosch experiment, the prototype approach can also be influenced by ___
priming
prototypes
emotions
contextual setting
what is not a type of categorical approach?
exemplar approach
prototype approach
definitive approach
average-member approach
the exemplar approach to categorization is related to multiple ___ to other member examples
comparisons
differences
adjustments
re-adjustments
what is a key difference between exemplar and the prototype approach?
representation of members in the exemplar approach is not abstract
representation of members in the prototype approach is abstract
the description of examples in the prototype approach include many objects
the description of examples in the prototype approach include one average objects
what is not a benefit of the exemplar approach over the prototypical approach
it explains the typicality effect
the accounts for the atypical cases
handles variable categories
does not consider the abstract average of all category members
in the rosch experiment on the levels of hierarchical organization, what level is said to be special
the basic
the middle
the subordinate
the superordinate
the tanaka and taylor experiment on hierarchical organization showed that the basic level of organization is useful for ___
nonexperts
experts
intermediates
beginners
the cognitive economy in semantic networks stores ___ properties of all the lower-level nodes
shared
individual
independent
universal
the meyer and schvaneveldt study on semantic networks showed that ___ words were paired ___ according to the theory of ___
associated; faster; spreading activation
unassociated; slower; spreading activation
associated; faster; connectism
unassociated; faster; connectism
what is not a unit involved in the connectionist approach
input
oupt
hidden
intermediate
visual imagery is ___
seeing something that isn't physically present
seeing something that is physically present
seeing something that is visually apparent
seeing something in your mind
in paivio study on visual imagery, their findings indicated that it is ___ to remember words that are associated with ____, supporting the visual ____ theory
easier; images; imagery
harder; stories; imagination
easier; stories; imagination
harder; stories; imagery
paired-associate learning is associated with remembering words that can be imagined from ____ from memory
images
stories
olfactory sensations
gustatory sensations
the paivio study using nouns that have a stronger visualization connection is known as the conceptual ___ hypothesis
peg
connection
image
imagery
how did the shepard and metzler study on visual imagery and perception argue for visual imagery for thought
the duration of reaction time
the manipulation of the physical objects
not using the mind to contort the objects
using the image to replicate the object
in the kosslyn study on imagery and perception, their findings on spatial navigation argued that ____ is related to perception and thought
imagery
distance
consciousness
cognition
pylyshyn argues that imagery is a spatial representation and is an epiphenomenon, which means that ____
spatial imagery is a secondary effect of perception
spatial imagery is a primary effect of perception
propositional imagery is a secondary effect of perception
propositional imagery is a primary effect of perception
according to the keriman et al study on imagery and perception, the fusiform face area would contain ____ neurons
imagery
visual
olfactory
gustatory
according to the kreiman et al study, imagery neurons that fire when imagining and seeing an object can be found in the
medial temporal lobe
dorsal occipital lobe
prefrontal cortex
hippocampal and subcortical regions
the firing of the occipital lobe when imagining and visualizing an object supports the relationship between
images and thoughts
perception and sounds
thoughts and ideas
consciousness and perception
what cortex of the brain is important according to the farah et al mental walk test?
visual cortex
prefrontal cortex
hippocampal region
subcortical cortices
what inability to attend to stimuli dissociates imagery and perception
unilateral neglect
blindness
schizophrenia
retrograde amnesia
which patient with damage to their parietal and occipital lobes highlighted dissociation between imagery and perception?
RM
FM
MA
PhD
what is not a method of using imagery to improve memory
pegword technique
method of loci
image-labelling
in patient CK, visual agnosia lead to impaired ___ while ___ remained intact
perception; imagery
imagery; perception
perception; memory
visual memory; imagery
the hyman et al study on memory implanted what type of memory in people's mind
a misleading childhood memory
a true childhood memory
a false justice memory
a true justice memory
the weapons effect, has what type of effect on the memory of an event?
when a weapon is fired, people tend to forget the other information
when a weapon is present, people tend to forget the other information
when a weapon is present, people do not forget the other information
when a weapon is fired, people do not forget the other information
what is not a solution for correcting erroneous memories?
stating that the perpetrator isn't in the lineup
using similarity in lineups
using a blind lineup administrator
believe the choice of the victim without question
what is not a sense that can also be related to memories?
spatial
visual
olfactory
fear
the proust effect
the influence of taste and odors on memory
the influence of touch and vision on memory
the influence of temperature and internal state on memory
the influence of meaning and knowledge on memory
the typicality effect is the ability to respond to things of ____ prototypicality faster
higher
lower
similar
distinct
the exemplar approach to conceptual knowledge is related to
previous experiences with members of the category
future experience with members of the category
the conceptual average of members of the category
the abstract average of members of the category
the rosch et al study on the levels of categorization showed that people tend to report the ___ level labels of an object
basic
superordinate
subordinate
intermediate
according to the tanaka and taylor study on levels of the organization of concepts, ___ influences the response to an object
knowledge and expertise
emotions and thoughts
senses and vision
cognition and perception
the collins and quillan hierarchical model of coined the idea of the ____, where the storage of information of an object is reserved
cognitive economy
cognitive limit
information reservation
the idea of connectionism is based on the ___ of activation in the ____
pattern; brain
network; brain
idea; mind
network; form of cognition
the multiple factor approach of conceptual knowledge is centered around the idea of ___
distributed representation
singular representation
dependent representation
the semantic category approach argues that concepts are organized in ___
specific neural circuits
broad neural circuits
adaptive neural circuits
singular neural circuits
the embodied approach to conceptual knowledge is related to
the reactivation of sensory and motor memory
the decay of sensory and motor memory
the use of neural circuits in the brain
the repetitive use of circuits in the brain
according to the hebb and spoke model, the key functional area of the brain in conceptual knowledge is
anterior temporal lobe
posterior temporal lobe
temporal-parietal lobe
temporal-parietal junction
the process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM is known as ___
encoding
retrieval
storage
packaging
pairing a mental image of a phrase or pair of words is known as
paired-associate learning
cross-pairing thoughts
mental image learning
intra-image storage
Leshikar et al work on the effect of associating information with yourself is also known as
the self-reference effect
the self-identity effect
the self-association effect
the self-storage effect
slameka and graf's concept of generating material to test on the information is also known as the ___
generation effect
personal study effect
test creation effect
information testing effect
who was an early influencer in the history of imagery in psychology?
wundt
leibniz
freud
collingham
the idea that we can better memorize words that have easy images attached to them is known as
conceptual peg hypothesis
memorable images theory
peg image theory
memory-related imagery
what were the two ideas of the imagery debate
imagery is spatial
imagery is based on abstract symbols
imagery is auditory
imagery is relational
what type of neuron is said to interact with images and our ability to perceive objects that are not present?
imagery neurons
perception neurons
visualization neurons
optical neurons
the striate cortex has been shown to ____ in firing during tasks of imagining and perception
increase
decrease
